Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries among emergency medical technicians and paramedics: A comprehensive narrative review

References

• Buckle PW, Devereux JJ. The nature of work-related neck and upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Appl Ergon. 2002;33(3):207–217. doi:10.1016/s0003-6870(02)00014-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbe MF, Barr AE. Inflammation and the pathophysiology of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2006;20(5):423–429. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aasa U, Barnekow-Bergkvist M, Ängquist K, Brulin C. Relationships between work-related factors and disorders in the neck-shoulder and low-back region among female and male ambulance personnel. J Occup Health. 2005;47(6):481–489. doi:10.1539/joh.47.481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogya PT, Ellis L. Evaluation of the injury profile of personnel in a busy urban EMS system. Am J Emerg Med. 1990;8(4):308–311. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(90)90081-A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada N, Ishii N, Nakata M, Nakayama S. Occupational stress among Japanese emergency medical technicians: Hyogo prefecture. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2005;20(2):115–121. doi:10.1017/s1049023x00002296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts MH, Sim MR, Black O, Smith P. Occupational injury risk among ambulance officers and paramedics compared with other healthcare workers in Victoria, Australia: analysis of workers’ compensation claims from 2003 to 2012. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(7):489–495. doi:10.1136/oemed-2014-102574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire BJ, Smith S. Injuries and fatalities among emergency medical technicians and paramedics in the United States. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):376–382. doi:10.1017/S1049023X13003555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers LM. A five year study comparing early retirements on medical grounds in ambulance personnel with those in other groups of health service staff. Part II: causes of retirements . Occup Med (Lond)). 1998;48(2):119–132. doi:10.1093/occmed/48.2.119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison HG. Feasibility for an EMS workforce safety and health surveillance system. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(6):711–714. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.10.011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen CD, Rasmussen K, Kyed M, Nielsen KJ, Andersen JH. Physical and psychosocial work environment factors and their association with health outcomes in Danish ambulance personnel - a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):534. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heick R, Young T, Peek-Asa C. Occupational injuries among emergency medical service providers in the United States. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51(8):963–968. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181af6b76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studnek JR, Crawford JM. Factors associated with back problems among emergency medical technicians. Am J Ind Med. 2007;50(6):464–469. doi:10.1002/ajim.20463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi A, Vazini H, Alhani F, Anoosheh M. Relationship between low back pain with quality of life, depression, anxiety and stress among emergency medical technicians. Trauma Mon. 2015;20(2):e18686. doi:10.5812/traumamon.18686.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones AY, Lee RY. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and back injury in ambulance officers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2005;78(4):332–336. doi:10.1007/s00420-004-0577-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broniecki M, Esterman A, May E, Grantham H. Musculoskeletal disorder prevalence and risk factors in ambulance officers. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2010;23(4):165–174. doi:10.3233/BMR-2010-0265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender SA, Conrad KM, Reichelt PA, Johnson PW, Meyer FT. Biomechanical analyses of paramedics simulating frequently performed strenuous work tasks. Appl Ergon. 2000;31(2):167–177. doi:10.1016/S0003-6870(99)00040-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichard AA, Jackson LL. Occupational injuries among emergency responders. Am J Ind Med. 2010;53(1):1–11. doi:10.1002/ajim.20772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver MD, Patterson PD, Fabio A, Moore CG, Freiberg MS, Songer TJ. An observational study of shift length, crew familiarity, and occupational injury and illness in emergency medical services workers. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(11):798–804. doi:10.1136/oemed-2015-102966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentzler M, Stader S. Posture stress on firefighters and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) associated with repetitive reaching, bending, lifting, and pulling tasks. Work. 2010;37(3):227–239. doi:10.3233/WOR-2010-1075.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crill MT, Hostler D. Back strength and flexibility of EMS providers in practicing prehospital providers. J Occup Rehabil. 2005;15(2):105–111. doi:10.1007/s10926-005-1213-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam GY, Yeung SS. Perceived effort and low back pain in non-emergency ambulance workers: Implications for rehabilitation. J Occup Rehabil. 2006;16(2):225–234. doi:10.1007/s10926-006-9019-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichard AA, Marsh SM, Tonozzi TR, Konda S, Gormley MA. Occupational injuries and exposures among emergency medical services workers. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017;21(4):420–431. doi:10.1080/10903127.2016.1274350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuan Lonik EA, Tuan Kamauzaman TH, Abdullah AA, Nor J. Ab Hamid SA. Prevalence of Low-Back Pain among Public Ambulance Workers in Kelantan, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2017;17(1):126–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lavender SA, Conrad KM, Reichelt PA, Gacki-Smith J, Kohok AK. Designing ergonomic interventions for EMS workers, part I: transporting patients down the stairs. Appl Ergon. 2007;38(1):71–81. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2005.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender SA, Conrad KM, Reichelt PA, Kohok AK, Gacki-Smith J. Designing ergonomic interventions for emergency medical services workers-part III: Bed to stairchair transfers. Appl Ergon. 2007;38(5):581–589. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2006.08.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prairie J, Corbeil P. Paramedics on the job: dynamic trunk motion assessment at the workplace. Appl Ergon. 2014;45(4):895–903. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2013.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prairie J, Plamondon A, Larouche D, Hegg-Deloye S, Corbeil P. Paramedics' working strategies while loading a stretcher into an ambulance. Appl Ergon. 2017;65:112–122. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2017.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broniecki M, Esterman A, Grantham H. Risk factors for back, neck and shoulder musculoskeletal injuries and claims in ambulance officers. J Musculoskelet Res. 2012;15(01):1250009. doi:10.1142/S0218957712500091.
   Google Scholar
• Prairie J, Plamondon A, Hegg-Deloye S, Larouche D, Corbeil P. Biomechanical risk assessment during field loading of hydraulic stretchers into ambulances. Int J Ind Ergon. 2016;54:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2015.11.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender SA, Conrad KM, Reichelt PA, Kohok AK, Gacki-Smith J. Designing ergonomic interventions for EMS workers - part II: lateral transfers. Appl Ergon. 2007;38(2):227–236. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2006.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studnek JR, Mac Crawford J, Fernandez AR. Evaluation of occupational injuries in an urban emergency medical services system before and after implementation of electrically powered stretchers. Appl Ergon. 2012;43(1):198–202. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2011.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire BJ, Hunting KL, Guidotti TL, Smith GS. Occupational injuries among emergency medical services personnel. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9(4):405–411. doi:10.1080/10903120500255065.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray SE, Collie A. The nature and burden of occupational injury among first responder occupations: A retrospective cohort study in Australian workers. Injury. 2017;48(11):2470–2477. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2017.09.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studnek JR, Ferketich A, Crawford JM. On the job illness and injury resulting in lost work time among a national cohort of emergency medical services professionals. Am J Ind Med. 2007;50(12):921–931. doi:10.1002/ajim.20516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar