College or Bust… or Both: The Effects of the Great Recession on College Enrollment for Black and Latinx Young Adults

References

• Abadie, A. (2005). Semiparametric difference-in-differences estimators. The Review of Economic Studies, 72(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aud, S., Hussar, W., Planty, M., Snyder, T., Bianco, K., Fox, M., Frohlich, L., Kemp, J., & Drake, L. (2010). The condition of education 2010 (NCES 2010-028). National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Barr, A., & Turner, S. E. (2013). Expanding enrollments and contracting state budgets: The effect of the Great Recession on higher education. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 650(1), 168–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716213500035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrow, L., & Davis, J. (2012). The upside of down: Postsecondary enrollment in the Great Recession. Economic Perspectives, 36(4), 117–129.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D., & Blanchflower, D. (2011). Young people and the Great Recession. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 27(2), 241–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grr011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betts, J. R., & McFarland, L. L. (1995). Safe port in a storm: The impact of labor market conditions on community college enrollments. The Journal of Human Resources, 30(4), 741–765. https://doi.org/10.2307/146230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bound, J., Lovenheim, M. F., & Turner, S. (2010). Why have college completion rates declined? An analysis of changing student preparation and collegiate resources. American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, 2(3), 129–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton, T., & Spencer, G. (2020). Individualized learning plans: Do students who fail to plan, plan to fail. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 122(5), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton, T., Symns, M., & Paul, V. (2020). Early birds: An exploration of Early College Initiative High Schools in NYC and college persistence. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice. https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025120924782
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011). Seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for 16 year olds and over from 2005–2011, Consumer Expenditure Survey [Table]. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/cex/
   Google Scholar
• Cabrera, A. F., & La Nasa, S. M. (2000). Understanding the college-choice process. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2000(107), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.10701
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, S. V., & Heckman, J. J. (2001). The dynamics of educational attainment for Black, Hispanic, and White males. Journal of Political Economy, 109(3), 455–499. https://doi.org/10.1086/321014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case, K. E. (2008). The central role of home prices in the current financial crisis: How will the market clear? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2008(Fall), 161–193. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27720398
   Google Scholar
• Cherry, R., & Rodgers, W. (2000). Prosperity for all? The economic boom and African Americans. Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Christian, M. (2006). Liquidity constraints and the cyclicality of college enrollment in the United States. Oxford Economic Papers, 59(1), 141–169. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpl021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Cole, E. (2011). Credit card redlining. Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(2), 700–713. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• College Board (2011). Trends in student aid. Retrieved from http://trends.collegeboard.org/student_aid
   Google Scholar
• College Board (2013). Trends in student aid. Retrieved from http://trends.collegeboard.org/student_aid
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, J. (2007, September 9). If credit markets thaw, recession unlikely. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-09-09/if-credit-markets-thaw-recession-is-unlikely
   Google Scholar
• Couch, K. A., & Fairlie, R. (2010). Last hired, first fired? Black-white unemployment and the business cycle. Demography, 47(1), 227–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deil-Amen, R. (2011). The “traditional” college student: A smaller and smaller minority and its implications for diversity and access institutions. Paper presented at the Mapping Broad-Access Higher Education conference, Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Dellas, H., & Sakellaris, P. (2003). On the cyclicality of schooling: Theory and evidence. Oxford Economic Papers, 55(1), 148–172. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/55.1.148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsby, M. W., Hobijn, B., Şahin, A., Valletta, R. G., Stevenson, B., & Langan, A. (2011). The labor market in the Great Recession—An update to September 2011 [with comment and discussion. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2011(2), 353–384. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.2011.0013
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, K. M., Beckert, K. A., & Ewing, B. T. (2010). The response of US college enrollment to unexpected changes in macroeconomic activity. Education Economics, 18(4), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645290903465739
   Google Scholar
• Farber, H. (2012). Unemployment in the Great Recession. American Economic Review, 102(3), 520–525. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freyaldenhoven, S., Hansen, C., Pérez, J. P., & Shapiro, J. M. (2021). Visualization, identification, and estimation in the linear panel event-study design (No. w29170). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Fry, R., & Lopez, M. H. (2012). Hispanic student enrollments reach new highs in 2011. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.
   Google Scholar
• Ghent, A. C., Hernández-Murillo, R., & Owyang, M. (2011). Differences in subprime loan pricing across races and neighborhoods. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Working Paper No. 2011-033C.
   Google Scholar
• Haltenhof, S., Lee, S. J., & Stebunovs, V. (2012). Bank lending channels during the Great Recession. Available at SSRN 2346952.
   Google Scholar
• Hillman, N. W., & Orians, E. L. (2013). Community colleges and labor market conditions: How does enrollment demand change relative to local unemployment rates? Research in Higher Education, 54(7), 765–780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-013-9294-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer, H. J., & Offner, P. (2006). Trends in the employment outcomes of young Black men, 1979–2000. In R. B. Mincy (Ed.), Black males left behind (pp. 11–38). Urban Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Houngbedji, K. (2016). Abadie’s semiparametric difference-in-differences estimator. The Stata Journal, 16(2), 482–490.
   Google Scholar
• Hoynes, H., Miller, D. L., & Schaller, J. (2012). Who suffers during recessions? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurd, M. D., & Rohwedder, S. (2010). Effects of the financial crisis and Great Recession on American households (No. w16407). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Hurst, E., & Stafford, F. (2004). Home is where the equity is: Mortgage refinancing and household consumption. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 36(6), 985–1014. https://doi.org/10.1353/mcb.2005.0009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMF (2009). World economic outlook. International Monetary Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, J. L., Deming, D., Jencks, C., Lopuch, M., & Schueler, B. E. (2015). Do differences in school quality matter more than we thought? New evidence on educational opportunity in the twenty-first century. Sociology of Education, 88(1), 56–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040714562006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, T. J. (1994). College entry by blacks since 1970: The role of college costs, family background, and the returns to education. Journal of Political Economy, 102(5), 878–911. https://doi.org/10.1086/261958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, L. (2010, April 29). Long-term unemployment in the Great Recession. In Testimony for the Joint Economic Committee, US Congress.
   Google Scholar
• Langdon, D. S., McMenamin, T. M., & Krolik, T. J. (2002). US labor market in 2001: Economy enters a recession. Monthly Labor Review, 125, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, B. T. (2004). How have college decisions changed overtime? An application of the conditional logistic choice model. Journal of Econometrics, 121(1–2), 271–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, B. T. (2014). The financial crisis and college enrollment: How have students and their families responded?. In J. Brown & C. Hoxby (Eds.), How the financial crisis and Great Recession affected higher education. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Looney, A., & Yannelis, C. (2018). Borrowers with large balances: Rising student debt and falling repayment rates. Brookings Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Lovenheim, M. (2011). The effect of liquid housing wealth on college enrollment. Journal of Labor Economics, 29(4), 741–771. https://doi.org/10.1086/660775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusardi, A., Schneider, D. J., & Tufano, P. (2011). Financially fragile households: Evidence and implications (No. w17072). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Musu-Gillette, L., Robinson, J., McFarland, J., Kewal Ramani, A., Zhang, A., & Wilkinson-Flicker, S. (2016). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic groups 2016. NCES 2016-007. National Center for Education Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Oreopoulos, P., & Petronijevic, U. (2013). Making college worth it: A review of research on the returns to higher education (No. w19053). National Bureau of Economic Research.
   Google Scholar
• Pager, D., & Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annual Review of Sociology, 34, 181–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panchuk, K. (2007, December 19). Wells Fargo economists: Recession unlikely. DSNews.com. Retrieved from http://www.dsnews.com/articles/wells-fargo-economists-recession-unlikely-2007-12-20.
   Google Scholar
• Paulsen, M. B., & St. John, E. P. (2002). Social class and college costs: Examining the financial nexus between college choice and persistence. The Journal of Higher Education, 73(2), 189–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington, K. L., McGinty, D., & Williams, M. R. (2002). Community college enrollment as a function of economic indicators. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 26(5), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/02776770290041783
   Google Scholar
• Perna, L. W. (2000). Racial and ethnic group differences in college enrollment decisions. New Directions for Institutional Research, 2000(107), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/ir.10705
   Google Scholar
• Puhani, P. A. (2012). The treatment effect, the cross difference, and the interaction term in nonlinear “difference-in-differences” models. Economics Letters, 115(1), 85–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2011.11.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santiago, D., & Cunningham, A. (2005). How Latino students pay for college: Patterns of financial aid in 2003–04.
   Google Scholar
• Scott-Clayton, J. E. (2018). The looming student loan crisis is worse than we thought. Evidence Speaks Reports, 2(34). https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-looming-student-loan-default-crisis-is-worse-than-we-thought/
   Google Scholar
• Shapiro, T. M. (2004). The hidden cost of being African American: How wealth perpetuates inequality. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, T. D., & Dillow, S. A. (2015). Digest of education statistics 2013. NCES 2015-011. National Center for Education Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Squires, G. D., Hyra, D. S., & Renner, R. N. (2009, November). Segregation and the subprime lending crisis [Paper presentation]. 2009 Federal Reserve System Community Affairs Research Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, P., Fry, D. R., D’Vera Cohn, S. W., Livingston, G., & Kochhar, R. (2011). The rising age gap in economic well-being. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2011/11/WealthReportFINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, P., Kochhar, R., Fry, R., Velasco, G., & Motel, S. (2011). Wealth gaps rise to record highs between Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. Pew Research Center, Social and Demographic Trends.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau (2006). Current population survey technical paper 66 – Design and methodology. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/tp66.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau (2011). The black population, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Bank (2019). GDP per capita. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.pcap.cd
   Google Scholar