The relationship between the type of machining of the ski running-surface and its wettability and capillary drag

References

• Bartell , F. E. and Shepard , J. W. 1953 . Surface roughness as related to hysteresis of contact angles. I. The system paraffin-water-air . Journal of Physical Chemistry , 57 ( 2 ) : 211 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Bäurle, L. (2006). Sliding friction of polyethylene on snow and ice (PhD Dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich)
   Google Scholar
• Bäurle , L. , Kämpfer , T. U. , Szabó , D. and Spencer , N. D. 2007 . Sliding friction of polyethylene on snow and ice: Contact area and modeling . Cold Regions Science and Technology , 47 ( 3 ) : 276 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Bäurle , L. , Szabó , D. , Fauve , M. , Rhyner , H. and Spencer , N. D. 2006 . Sliding friction of polyethylene on ice: Tribometer measurements . Tribology Letters , 24 ( 1 ) : 77 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergersen , H. , Bergersen , K. and Flækøy , T. 1994 . Strukturering av Ski (Texturing of Ski) . SkiSport , 8 : 60
   Google Scholar
• Blossey , R. 2003 . Self-cleaning surfaces – Virtual realities . Nature Materials , 2 : 301 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouteau , M. , Cantin , S. , Benhabib , F. and Perrot , F. 2008 . Sliding behavior of liquid droplets on tilted Langmuir-Blodgett surfaces . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 317 ( 1 ) : 247 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Cassie , A. B. D. and Baxter , S. 1944 . Wettability of porous surfaces . Transactions of the Faraday Society , 40 : 546 – 551 .
   Google Scholar
• Colbeck , S. C. 1988 . The kinetic friction of snow . Journal of Glaciology , 34 ( 116 ) : 78 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Colbeck , S. C. 1992 . A review of the processes that control snow friction , Hanover, NH : US Army Corps of Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Colbeck , S. C. 1994 . A review of the friction of snow skis . Journal of Sports Sciences , 12 : 285 – 295 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colbeck , S. C. 1996 . Capillary bonding of wet surfaces . Surface and Coatings Technology , 81 ( 2 ) : 209 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Colbeck , S. C. 1997 . Capillary bonding of wet surfaces – The effects of contact angle and surface roughness . Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology , 11 ( 3 ) : 359 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza , E. J. , Brinkmann , M. , Mohrdieck , C. and Arzt , E. 2008a . Enhancement of capillary forces by multiple liquid bridges . Langmuir , 24 ( 16 ) : 8813 – 8820 .
   Google Scholar
• De Souza , E. J. , Gao , L. , McCarthy , T. J. , Arzt , E. and Crosby , A. J. 2008b . Effect of contact angle hysteresis on the measurement of capillary forces . Langmuir , 24 ( 4 ) : 1391 – 1396 .
   Google Scholar
• Della Volpe , C. , Maniglio , D. , Siboni , S. and Morra , M. 2001 . An experimental procedure to obtain the equilibrium contact angle from the Wilhelmy method . Oil & Gas Science and Technology , 56 ( 1 ) : 9 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Della Volpe , C. , Siboni , S. and Morra , M. 2002 . Comments on some recent papers on interfacial tension and contact angles . Langmuir , 18 ( 4 ) : 1441 – 1444 .
   Google Scholar
• ElSherbini , A. I. and Jacobi , A. M. 2006 . Retention forces and contact angles for critical liquid drops on non-horizontal surfaces . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 299 ( 2 ) : 841 – 849 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Extrand , C. W. and Kumagai , Y. 1995 . Liquid drops on an inclined plane: the relation between contact angles, drop shape, and retentive force . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 170 ( 2 ) : 515 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenkel , Y. I. 1948 . On the behaviour of liquid drops on a solid surface . Journal of Experimental Theoretical Physics (USSR) , 18 ( 7 ) : 659 – 667 .
   Google Scholar
• Furmidge , C. G. L. 1962 . Studies at phase interfaces. I. The sliding of liquid drops on solid surfaces and a theory for spray retention . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 17 ( 3 ) : 309 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Fürstner , R. , Barthlott , W. , Neinhuis , C. and Walzel , P. 2005 . Wetting and self-Cleaning properties of artificial superhydrophobic surfaces . Langmuir , 21 ( 3 ) : 956 – 961 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , L. and McCarthy , T. J. 2008 . Teflon is hydrophilic. Comments on definitions of hydrophobic, shear versus tensile hydrophobicity, and wettability characterization . Langmuir , 24 ( 17 ) : 9183 – 9188 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood , J. A. 1984 . A unified theory of surface roughness . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , 393 ( 1804 ) : 133 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Hämäläinen , T. and Spring , E. 1986 . The influence of snow hardness on ski friction , Helsinki : Societas scientiarum Fennica .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , S. , Bergstrom , T. , Geiger , D. and Brown , C. 2005 . “ Surface metrology of ski base textures ” . In Science and skiing III , Edited by: Müller , E. , Bacharach , D. , Klika , R. , Lindinger , S. and Schwameder , H. 411 – 422 . Oxford : Meyer & Meyer Sport (UK) .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , S. E. and Brown , C. A. 2006 . Comparing texture characterization parameters on their ability to differentiate ground polyethylene ski bases . Wear , 261 ( 3/4 ) : 398 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Knepp , T. N. , Renkens , T. L. and Shepson , P. B. 2009 . Gas phase acetic acid and its qualitative effects on snow crystal morphology and the quasi-liquid layer . Atmosspheric Chemistry Physics , 9 ( 20 ) : 7679 – 7690 .
   Google Scholar
• Krasovitski , B. and Marmur , A. 2005 . Drops down the hill: Theoretical study of limiting contact angles and the hysteresis range on a tilted plate . Langmuir , 21 ( 9 ) : 3881 – 3885 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan , A. , Liu , Y-H. , Cha , P. , Woodward , R. P. , Allara , D. and Vogler , E. A. 2005 . An evaluation of methods for contact angle measurement . Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces , 43 ( 2 ) : 95 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmin, L. (2006). Investigation of the most essential factors influencing ski glide, Licentiate, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå. Retrieved from http://epubl.ltu.se/1402–1757/2006/03/LTU-LIC-0603-SE.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmin , L. , Danvind , J. , Carlsson , P. and Tinnsten , M. 2010 . Estimating surface hydrophobicity by introducing a wettability factor based on contact angles . Forthcoming ,
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmin , L. and Tinnsten , M. 2005 . “ Contact angles on the running-surfaces of cross-country skis ” . In The Impact of Technology on Sport , Edited by: Subic , A. and Ujihashi , S. Vol. 318–323 , Melbourne : Australasian Sports Technology Alliance Pty Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmin , L. and Tinnsten , M. 2006 . Dirt absorption on the ski running-surface – quantification and influence on the gliding ability . Sports Engineering , 9 ( 3 ) : 137 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmin , L. and Tinnsten , M. 2007 . “ The contamination, wettability and gliding ability of ski running surfaces ” . In Science and Nordic skiing , Edited by: Linnamo , V. , Komi , P. V. and Müller , E. 286 – 292 . London : Meyer & Meyer Sport .
   Google Scholar
• Kuzmin , L. and Tinnsten , M. 2008 . “ Hot glide wax treatment and the hardness of the ski running surface ” . In The engineering of sport 7 , Edited by: Estivalet , M. and Brisson , P. Vol. 2 , 135 – 141 . Paris : Springer-Verlag France .
   Google Scholar
• Lander , L. M. , Siewierski , L. M. , Brittain , W. J. and Vogler , E. A. 1993 . A systematic comparison of contact angle methods . Langmuir , 9 ( 8 ) : 2237 – 2239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lugt , P. M. , Severt , R. W. M. , Fogelström , J. and Tripp , J. H. 2001 . Influence of surface topography on friction, film breakdown and running-in in the mixed lubrication regime . Proceedings of the I MECH E Part J Journal of Engineering Tribology , 215 ( 6 ) : 519 – 533 .
   Google Scholar
• Marmur , A. 2003 . Wetting on hydrophobic rough surfaces: to be heterogeneous or not to be? . Langmuir , 19 ( 20 ) : 8343 – 8348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmur , A. 2004 . The Lotus Effect: Superhydrophobicity and metastability . Langmuir , 20 ( 9 ) : 351 – 3519 .
   Google Scholar
• Marmur , A. 2006 . Super-hydrophobicity fundamentals: Implications to biofouling prevention . Biofouling , 22 ( 2 ) : 107 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathia, T., Midol, A., Lantéri, P., & Longeray, R. (1989). Topography physicochemistry and wear in sliding of ski soles in regard to rheology of snow, Paper presented at the 5th International Congress on Tribology, EUROTRIB 89, Helsinki, Finland
   Google Scholar
• Mathia , T. G. , Zahouani , H. and Midol , A. 1992 . Topography, wear and sliding functions of skis . International Journal of Machine Tools Manufacturing , 32 : 263 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Moldestad, D. A. (1999). Some aspects of ski base sliding friction and ski base structure (PhD Dissertation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim)
   Google Scholar
• Moldestad , D. A. and Løset , S. 2003 . The ski base structure analyser (SSA) . Modeling, Identification and Control , 24 ( 1 ) : 15 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Morra , M. , Occhiello , E. and Garbassi , F. 1990 . Knowledge about polymer surfaces from contact angle measurements . Advances in Colloid and Interface Science , 32 ( 1 ) : 79 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Nishino , T. , Meguro , M. , Nakamae , K. , Matsushita , M. and Ueda , Y. 1999 . The lowest surface free energy based on − CF3 alignment . Langmuir , 15 ( 13 ) : 4321 – 4323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öner , D. and McCarthy , T. J. 2000 . Ultrahydrophobic surfaces. Effects of topography length scales on wettability . Langmuir , 16 ( 20 ) : 7777 – 7782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson , B. N. J. 2000 . Sliding friction: Physical principles and applications , 2nd edn. , Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Pierce , E. , Carmona , F. J. and Amirfazli , A. 2008 . Understanding of sliding and contact angle results in tilted plate experiments . Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects , 323 ( 1–3 ) : 73 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Shimbo , M. 1971 . “ Friction on snow of ski soles, unwaxed and waxed ” . In Scientific study of skiing in Japan , Edited by: Science , T. S. o. S. 99 – 112 . Tokyo : Hitachi .
   Google Scholar
• Slotfeldt-Ellingsen , D. and Torgersen , L. 1983 . Water in ice: influence on friction . Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics , 16 ( 9 ) : 1715 – 1719 .
   Google Scholar
• Vogler , E. A. 1992 . Practical use of concentration-dependent contact angles as a measure of solid-liquid adsorption. 2. Experimental aspects . Langmuir , 8 ( 8 ) : 2013 – 2020 .
   Google Scholar
• Wei , X. , Miranda , P. B. and Shen , Y. R. 2001 . Surface vibrational spectroscopic study of surface melting of ice . Physical Review Letters , 86 ( 8 ) : 1554 – 1557 .
   Google Scholar
• Werder , T. , Walther , J. H. , Jaffe , R. L. and Koumoutsakos , P. 2003 . Water-carbon interactions: potential energy calibration using experimental data , San Francisco : CA, USA . Paper presented at the 2003 NSTI Nanotechnology Conference & Trade Show
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, R. P. (2000). Contact angle measurements using the drop shape method. Retrieved from http://www.firsttenangstroms.com/pdfdocs/CAPaper.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yang , J-T. , Chen , J. C. , Huang , K-J. and Yeh , J. A. 2006 . Droplet manipulation on a hydrophobic textured surface with roughened patterns . Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems , 15 ( 3 ) : 697 – 707 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , J. T. , Yang , Z. H. , Chen , C. Y. and Yao , D. J. 2008 . Conversion of surface energy and manipulation of a single droplet across micropatterned surfaces . Langmuir , 24 ( 17 ) : 9889 – 9897 .
   Google Scholar