Experimental analysis on parameters affecting drag force on speed skaters

References

• Achenbach , E. 1964 . The effects of surface roughness and tunnel blockage on the flow past spheres . Journal of Fluid Mechanics , 65 ( 1 ) : 359 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach , E. 1977 . The effect of surface roughness on the heat transfer from a circular cylinder to the cross flow of air . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 20 ( 5 ) : 359 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam , M. and Zhoua , Y. 2003 . Flow around two side-by-side closely spaced circular cylinders . Journal of Fluids and Structures , 23 ( 5 ) : 799 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearman , P. W. and Harvey , J. K. 1976 . Golf ball aerodynamics . Aeronautical Quarterly , 27 : 112 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Bearman , P. W. and Harvey , J. K. 1993 . Control of circular cylinder flow by the use of dimples . AIAA-Journal , 31 ( 10 ) : 1753 – 1756 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden , F. P. and Huges , T. P. 1953 . Friction on snow and ice . Proceedings of the Royal Society A , 217 : 462 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Brownlie , L. 1992 . Aerodynamic characteristics of sports apparel , Burnaby, BC : Simon Fraser University .
   Google Scholar
• Brownlie , L. , Gartshore , M. , Mutch , B. and Banister , B. 1987 . Influence of apparel on aerodynamic drag in running . The Annals of Physiological Anthropology , 6 ( 3 ) : 133 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Buresti , G. and Launaro , F. 1980 . Pressure measurements around a circular cylinder in cross-flow near a plane surface , Atti dell Istituto di Aeronautica, Università di Pisa, Pisa
   Google Scholar
• De Koning , J. J. , De Groot , G. and Van Ingen Schenau , G. J. 1992 . Ice friction during speed skating . Journal of Biomechanics , 25 ( 6 ) : 565 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Koning , J. J. , De Groot , G. and Van Ingen Schenau , G. J. 2005 . Experimental evaluation of the power balance model of speed skating . Journal of Applied Physiology , 98 ( 6 ) : 223 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• De Koning , J. J. and Van Ingen Schenau , G. J. 2000 . Performance determining factors in speed skating . Biomechanics in sports , : 232 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• DiPrampero , A. , Mognoni , P. and Saibene , F. 1979 . Equation of motion of a cyclist . Journal of Applied Physiology , 47 : 201 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fage, A., & Warsap, G. H. (1929). The effect of turbulence and surface roughness on the drag of a circular cylinder, British Aerospace Resourse Council memo
   Google Scholar
• Farell , C. and Fedeniuk , S. K. 1988 . Effect of end plates on the flow around rough cylinders . Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics , 28 : 219 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennekam , W. 1990 . The speed of a cyclist . Physical Education , 25 ( 12 ) : 1299 – 1311 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoerner , S. F. 1965 . Fluid dynamic drag , New York : Hoerner S.F .
   Google Scholar
• Holden , M. 1988 . The Aerodynamics of Skiing . Scientific American, The Technology of Winning Special Section ,
   Google Scholar
• James , D. F. and Truong , Q. T. 1972 . Wind load on a cylinder with a spanwise protrusion . Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division , 98 : 1573 – 1589 .
   Google Scholar
• Joubert , P. N. and Hoffman , E. R. 1962 . Drag of a circular cylinder with vortex generator . Journal of the Royal Aeronautic Society , 66 : 456 – 457 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuper , G. H. and Sterken , E. 2002 . Do skin suits increase average skating speed? , Groningen : University of Groningen, Department of Economics .
   Google Scholar
• Kuper , G. H. and Sterken , E. 2008 . Do skin suits increase average skating speed? . Sports Technology , 1 ( 4-5 ) : 189 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Kyle , C. R. 1988 . The mechanics and aerodynamics of cycling . Medical and Scientific Aspects of Cycling , 235 : 251
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno , S. 1970 . Effects of three-dimensional roughness elements on the flow around a circular cylinder . Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University , 34 ( A-II ) : 214 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Naumann, H., & Quadflieg, H. (1968). Aerodynamics of wind effects on cylindrical buildings, Paper presented at the Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough (UK), 2–4 April, 1968
   Google Scholar
• Oggiano , L. , Sætran , L. , Løset , S. and Winther , R. 2007 . Reducing the athlete's aerodynamical resistance . Journal of Computational and Applied Mechanics , 8 ( 2 ) : 163 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Oggiano , L. and Sætran , L. 2008 . Effect of different skin suits on speed skating performances . Computer Science in Sports , 3 : 39 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Prandtl , L. 1961 . Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur angewandten Mechanik , Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Pugh , L. G. C. E. 1971 . The relation of oxygen intake and speed in competition cycling and comparative observations on bicycle ergometer . Journal of Physiology , 241 : 795 – 808 .
   Google Scholar
• Shanebrook , J. R. and Jasczak , R. D. 1974 . Aerodynamics of the human body . Biomechanics , 4 ( 1 ) : 567 – 571 .
   Google Scholar
• Shanebrook , J. R. and Jasczak , R. D. 1976 . Aerodynamic drag analysis of runners . Medical Sciences and Sports , 8 : 43 – 45 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Ingen Schenau , G. J. 1982 . The influence of air friction in speed skating . Journal of Biomechanics , 15 ( 6 ) : 449 – 458 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ingen Schenau , G. J. , De Groot , G. and De Boer , R. W. 1985 . The control of speed in elite female speed skaters . Journal of Biomechanics , 18 ( 2 ) : 91 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe , T. , Kato , T. , Kamata , Y. and Ondera , A. 1989 . The air flow around a clothed cylinder . Seminar i Gakkaishi trans , 45 : 175 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Zdravkovich , M. M . 1997 . Flow around circular cylinder Oxford
   Google Scholar