The effect of grass leaf height on the impact behaviour of natural turf sports field surfaces

References

• American Society for Testing and Materials . 2000 . Annual book of ASTM standards. vol. 15.07. End use products. Standard test for shock attenuation characteristics of natural playing surface systems using lightweight portable apparatus. F1702–96 , West Conshohocken, PA : ASTM .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , S. W. and Canaway , P. M. 1991 . The cost effectiveness of different construction methods for association football pitches. I. Soil physical properties . Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute , 66 : 8 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , S. W. , Cole , A. R. and Thornton , S. L. 1988 . Performance standards and the interpretation of playing quality for soccer in relation to rootzone composition . Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute , 64 : 120 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , S. W. , Gibbs , R. J. and Adams , W. A. 1992 . Case studies of the performance of different designs of winter games pitches. I. Playing quality and usage . Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute , 68 : 20 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , S. W. , Wheater , J. A. and Spring , C. A. 2007 . Performance requirements for surface hardness of winter games pitches . Journal of Turfgrass and Sports Surface Science , 83 : 83 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , S. W. and Woollacott , A. R. 2005 . Comparison of the playing performance of “third generation artificial” grass with natural turf used for professional soccer . International Turfgrass Society Research Journal , 10 ( 1 ) : 15 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett , M. D. , James , I. T. , Ford , M. and Jennings-Temple , M. 2009 . Testing natural turf sports surfaces: The value of performance quality standards . Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology , 223 ( 1 ) : 21 – 29 . doi: 10.1243/17543371JSET24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton , L. , Wan , G. G. Y. , Buck , R. P. and Colmer , T. D. 2009 . Effectiveness of cultural thatch-mat controls for young and mature kikuyu turfgrass . Agronomy Journal , 101 ( 1 ) : 67 – 74 . doi: 10.2134/agronj2008.0180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , M. and Holmes , G. 1988 . The playing quality of association football pitches . Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute , 61 : 19 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• BS 7370-3:1991 . 1991 . Grounds maintenance. Recommendations for amenity and functional turf (other than sports turf) , London : British Standards Institute .
   Google Scholar
• BS7755-5.4:1998 . 1998 . Soil quality. Physical methods. Method by sieving and sedimentation , London : British Standards Institution .
   Google Scholar
• BS7755-5.6:1999 . 1999 . Soil quality. Physical methods. Determination of dry bulk density , London : British Standards Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Canaway , P. M. 1981 . Wear tolerance of turfgrass species . Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute , 57 : 65 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Canaway , P. M. 1985 . Playing quality, construction and nutrition of sports turf . Proceedings of the Fifth International Turfgrass Research Conference , : 45 – 56 . 1–4 July, Avignon, France. Institut National de la recharche agronomique, France
   Google Scholar
• Canaway , P. M. and Bell , M. J. 1986 . An apparatus for measuring traction and friction on natural and artificial playing surfaces . Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute , 62 : 211 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Caple , M. C. J. , James , I. T. , Bartlett , M. D. and Bartlett , D. I. 2011 . Development of a simplified dynamic testing device for turfed sports surfaces . Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology , 225 doi: 10.1177/1754337111399218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carré , M. J. and Haake , S. J. 2004 . An examination of the clegg impact hammer test with regard to the playing performance of synthetic sport surfaces . Sports Engineering , 7 ( 3 ) : 121 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Chivers , I. H. and Aldous , D. E. 2003 . Performance monitoring of grassed playing surfaces for Australian rules football . Journal of Turfgrass and Sports Surface Science , 79 : 73 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Clegg , B. 1976 . An impact testing device for in situ base course evaluation . Proceedings of the 8th ARRB Conference , 8 ( 8 ) : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• De Baets , S. , Poesen , J. , Gyssels , G. and Knapen , A. 2006 . Effects of grass roots on the erodibility of topsoils during concentrated flow . Geomorphology , 76 ( 1–2 ) : 54 – 67 . doi: 10.1007/s11104-008-9553-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , S. J. , James , I. T. , Blackburn , K. , Pettican , N. and Low , D. 2008 . Influence of footwear and soil density on loading within the shoe and soil surface during running . Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology , 222 : 1 – 10 . doi: 10.1243/17543371JSET16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufour , M. J. D. and Mumford , C. 2008 . GoingStick® technology and electromagnetic induction scanning for naturally-turfed sports surfaces . Sports Technology , 1 ( 2–3 ) : 125 – 131 . doi: 10.1002/JST.27
   Google Scholar
• Dura , J. V. , Hoyos , J. V. and Martinez , A. 1999 . The effect of shock absorbing sports surfaces in jumping . Sports Engineering , 2 ( 2 ) : 97 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , P. , Young , C. and Dixon , N. 2004 . “ Performance measurements on synthetic turf hockey pitches ” . In The engineering of sport 5 , Edited by: Hubbard , M. , Mehta , R. and Pallis , J. M. vol. 2 , 524 – 531 . Sheffield : ISEA .
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , R. J. , Liu , C. , Yang , M. H. and Wrigley , M. 2000 . Effect of rootzone composition and cultivation/aeration treatment on surface characteristics of golf greens under New Zealand conditions . Journal of Turfgrass Science , 76 : 37 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Grossi, N., Liu, C., Yang, M. H., & Wrigley, M. (2004). Tall fescue turf quality and soccer playing characteristics as affected by mowing height. In Nektarios, P. A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Turfgrass Science and Management for Sports Fields, 319–322, ISHS, Leuven
   Google Scholar
• Guisasola, I. (2008). Human-natural sports surface interaction (Unpublished PhD thesis). Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3487
   Google Scholar
• Guisasola , I. , James , I. , Llewellyn , C. , Stiles , V. and Dixon , S. 2010 . Quasi-static mechanical behaviour of soils used for natural turf sports surfaces and stud force prediction . Sports Engineering , 12 ( 2 ) : 99 – 109 . doi: 10.1007/s12283-010-0035-2
   Google Scholar
• Guisasola , I. , James , I. , Stiles , V. and Dixon , S. 2010 . Dynamic behaviour of soils used for natural turf sports surfaces . Sports Engineering , 12 ( 3 ) : 111 – 122 . doi: 10.1007/s12283-010-0036-1
   Google Scholar
• Hillel , D. 1998 . Environmental soil physics , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Issoufou , M. , Zaman-Allah , M. , Ferchichi , A. and Ferjani , E. 2008 . Clipping effects on the growth variation, water use efficiency and photosynthetic activity in buffel grass (cenchrus ciliaris L.) poaceae . Asian Journal of Plant Sciences , 7 ( 1 ) : 95 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• James , I. T. 2011 . Advancing natural turf to meet tomorrow's challenges . Sports Engineering and Technology , 225 doi: 10.1177/1753337111400789
   Google Scholar
• James , I. T. and McLeod , A. J. 2010 . The effect of maintenance on the performance of sand-filled synthetic turf surfaces . Sports Technology , 3 ( 1 ) : 43 – 51 . doi: 10.1080/193461902010.504273
   Google Scholar
• James , S. L. , Bates , B. T. and Osternig , L. R. 1978 . Injuries to runners . American Journal of Sports Medicine , 6 ( 2 ) : 40 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu , X. and Huang , B. 2002 . Mowing effects on root production, growth, and mortality of creeping bentgrass . Crop Science , 42 ( 4 ) : 1241 – 1250 . doi: 10.2134/agronj2009.0031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClements , I. and Baker , S. W. 1994 . The playing quality of rugby pitches . Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute , 70 : 29 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• McNitt , A. S. , Middour , R. O. and Waddington , D. V. 1997 . Development and evaluation of a method to measure traction on turfgrass surfaces . Journal of Testing and Evaluation , 25 ( 1 ) : 99 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooney , S. J. and Baker , S. W. 2000 . The effects of grass cutting height and pre-match rolling and watering on football pitch ground cover and playing quality . Journal of Turfgrass Science , 76 : 70 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , J. W. , Field , T. R. O. and Thomas , V. J. 1996 . Racetrack traction assessment by penetrometer. part II application of the model . Journal of Turfgrass Management , 1 ( 4 ) : 51 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Naunheim , R. , McGurren , M. , Standeven , J. , Fucetola , R. , Lauryssen , C. and Deibert , E. 2002 . Does the use of artificial turf contribute to head injuries? . Journal of Trauma – Injury, Infection and Critical Care , 53 ( 4 ) : 691 – 694 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell , A. J. , Hart-Woods , J. C. and Wood , A. D. 1999 . The effect of three different levels of shade on the performance of three grass mixtures for use on lawn tennis courts . Journal of Turfgrass Science , 75 : 82 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Nigg , B. M. 1990 . The validity and relevance of tests used for the assessment of sports surfaces . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 22 ( 1 ) : 131 – 139 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , B. M. and Yeadon , M. R. 1987 . Biomechanical aspects of playing surfaces . Journal of Sports Sciences , 5 ( 2 ) : 117 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard , J. and The , A. F. L. 2001 . penetrometer study: Work in progress . Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport , 4 ( 2 ) : 220 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchard , J. W. , Chivers , I. , Aldous , D. , Bennell , K. and Seward , H. 2005 . Rye grass is associated with fewer non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries than bermuda grass . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 39 ( 10 ) : 704 – 709 . 101136/bjsm2004017756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Reilly , M. P. and Brown , S. F. 1991 . “ Cyclic loading in geotechnical engineering ” . In Cyclic loading of soils: From theory to design , Edited by: O'Reilly , M. P. and Brown , S. F. 1 – 18 . London : Blackie & Son .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , J. N. III and Waddington , D. V. 1989 . The effect of cutting height and verdure on impact absorption and traction characteristics in tall fescue turf . Journal of the Sports Turf Research Institute , 65 : 80 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , J. N. III and Waddington , D. V. 1990a . Effects of management practices on impact absorption and shear resistance in natural turf . ASTM Special Technical Publication , 1073 : 136 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , J. N. I. and Waddington , D. V. 1990b . Portable apparatus for assessing impact characteristics of athletic field surfaces . ASTM Special Technical Publication , 1073 : 96 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Shorten , M. R. 2003 . “ Sports surfaces and the risk of traumatic brain injury ” . In Proceedings of the International Association for Sports Surface Sciences 3rd Symposium on Sports Surfaces Edited by: Nigg , B. M. , Cole , G. K. and Stefanyshyn , D. J. August 2003, University of Calgary, Calgary
   Google Scholar
• Spring , C. A. and Baker , S. W. 2006 . Examination of a new form of fibre reinforcement including polypropylene and polyurethane fibres for winter games pitch rootzones . Journal of Turfgrass and Sports Surface Science , 82 : 30 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Stefanyshyn , D. J. and Nigg , B. M. 2003 . Energy and performance aspects in sports surfaces . August 2003, University of Calgary, Calgary, Nigg B. M., Cole G. K., Stefanyshyn D. J.. Proceedings of the International Association for Sports Surface Sciences 3rd Symposium on Sports Surfaces
   Google Scholar
• Stiles , V. and Dixon , S. 2007 . Biomechanical response to systematic changes in impact interface cushioning properties while performing a tennis-specific movement . Journal of Sports Sciences , 25 ( 11 ) : 1229 – 1239 . doi; 10.1080/02640410600953616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles , V. H. , Guisasola , I. N. , James , I. T. and Dixon , S. J. 2011 . Biomechanical response to changes in natural turf during running and turning . Journal of Applied Biomechanics , 27 ( 1 ) : 54 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takemura , M. , Schneiders , A. G. , Bell , M. L. and Milburn , P. D. 2007 . Association of ground hardness with injuries in rugby union . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 41 ( 9 ) : 582 – 587 . doi: 10.1136/BJSM.2007.035568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tengbeh , G. T. 1993 . The effect of grass roots on shear strength variations with moisture content . Soil Technology , 6 ( 3 ) : 287 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Theobald , P. , Whitelegg , L. , Nokes , L. D. M. and Jones , M. D. 2010 . The predicted risk of head injury from fall-related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: A comparative biomechanical analysis . Sports Biomechanics , 9 ( 1 ) : 29 – 37 . doi: 10.1080/14763141003690245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , C. and Fleming , P. R . 2007 . “ A review of mechanical impact testing devices for sport surfaces. ” . In Proceedings of the First International Conference of the SportSURF Network: Science, Technology and Research into Sport Surfaces Edited by: Fleming , P , Carré , M. , James , I. , Walker , C. and Dixon , S. 17 – 18 . September 2007, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
   Google Scholar
• Zebarth , B. J. and Sheard , R. W. 1985 . Impact and shear resistance of turf grass racing surfaces for thoroughbreds . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 46 ( 4 ) : 778 – 784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar