Investigation of linear impact energy management and product claims of a novel American football helmet liner component

References

• 001-11m11, NOCSAE DOC (ND) (2011). Standard test method and equipment used in evaluating the performance characteristics of protective headgear/equipment. National Operative Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, Revised: January 2011 (effective by January 2012)
   Google Scholar
• 002-11m11a, NOCSAE DOC (ND) (2011). Standard performance specification for newly manufactured football helmets. National Operative Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment, Revised: February 2011 (effective no earlier than February 2012)
   Google Scholar
• Benson , B. W. , Hamilton , G. M. and Meeuwisse , W. H. 2009 . Is protective equipment useful in preventing concussion? A systematic review of the literature . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 43 : i56 – i67 . doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.058271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Children's Sports Athletic Equipment Safety Act, H.R. 1127, 112th Congress, 1st Session (2011). [Internet] [accessed June 2011]. www.govtrack.us
   Google Scholar
• Children's Sports Athletic Equipment Safety Act, S. 601, 112th Congress, 1st Session (2011). [Internet] [accessed June 2011]. www.govtrack.us
   Google Scholar
• Crisco , J. J. , Fiore , R. , Beckwith , J. G. , Chu , J. J. , Brolinson , P. G. , Duma , S. , McAllister , T. W. , Duhaime , A. and Greenwald , R. M. 2010 . Frequency and location of head impact exposures in individual collegiate football players . Journal of Athletic Training , 45 ( 6 ) : 549 – 550 . doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-45.6.549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshvar , D. H. , Baugh , C. M. , Nowinski , C. J. , McKee , A. C. , Stern , R. A. and Cantu , R. C. 2011 . Helmets and mouth guards: The role of personal equipment in preventing sport-related concussions . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 30 : 145 – 163 . doi:10.1016/j.csm.2010.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneshvar , D. H. , Nowinski , C. J. , McKee , A. C. and Cantu , R. C. 2011 . The epidemiology of sport-related concussion . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 30 : 1 – 17 . doi:10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara , V. R. 2008 . U.S. Patent Application , US 2008/0256686 A1 Washington, DC : US Patent and Trademark Office .
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara , V. R. 2011a . U.S. Patent Application , US 2011/0047685 A1 Washington, DC : US Patent and Trademark Office .
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara , V. R. 2011b . U.S. Patent , US 7,895,681 B2 Washington, DC : US Patent and Trademark Office .
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara , V. R. and Hibchen , K. 2010 . U.S. Patent Application , US 2010/0186150 A1 Washington, DC : US Patent and Trademark Office .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , L. J. and Ashby , M. F. 1997 . Cellular solids: Structure and properties , 2nd edn. , Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gimbel , G. and Hoshizaki , T. B. 2008 . A comparison between vinyl nitrile foam and new air chamber technology on attenuating impact energy for ice hockey helmets . International Journal of Sports Science and Engineering , 2 ( 3 ) : 154 – 161 . www.worldacademicunion.com/journal/SSCI
   Google Scholar
• Hoshizaki , T. B. and Brien , S. E. 2004 . The science and design of head protection in sport . Journal of Neurosurgery , 55 ( 4 ) : 956 – 967 . doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000137275.50246.0B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshizaki , T. B. and Post , A. 2009 . Impact attenuation characteristics of thin walled collapsible air chambers for use in protective helmets . Journal of ASTM International , 6 ( 4 ) : 1 – 7 . www.astm.org
   Google Scholar
• Instron Dynatup 9200 Series Product Brochure (2009)., Instron. [Internet] [accessed June 2011]. www.instron.com
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , L. and TB , Hoshizaki . 2009 . Deformation mechanisms and impact attenuation characteristics of thin-walled collapsible air chambers used in head protection . Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine , 223 : 1021 – 1031 . doi: 10.1243/09544119JEIM573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb , L. , Post , A. and Hoshizaki , T. B. 2009 . Development of a new methodology capable of characterizing the contribution of a controlled venting system to impact attenuation in chamber structures for head protection . Journal of ASTM International , 6 ( 1 ) : 1 – 8 . www.astm.org
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln , A. E. , Caswell , S. V. , Almquist , J. L. , Dunn , R. E. , Norris , J. B. and Hinton , R. Y. 2011 . Trends in concussion incidence in high school sports: A prospective 11-year study . American Journal of Sport Medicine , 39 : 958 – 963 . doi: 10.1177/0363546510392326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory , P. 2011 . Future advances and areas of future focus in the treatment of sports-related concussion . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 30 : 201 – 208 . doi:10.1016/j.csm.2010.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory , P. , Meeuwisse , W. , Johnston , K. , Dvorak , J. , Aubry , M. , Molloy , M. and Cantu , R. 2009 . Consensus statement on concussion in sport. Third International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Zurich, November 2008 . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 19 ( 3 ) : 185 – 200 . www.cjsportmed.com
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller , F. O. 1998 . Fatalities from head and cervical spine injuries occurring in tackle football: 50 years' experience . Clinics in Sports Medicine , 17 ( 1 ) : 169 – 182 . www.sportsmed.theclinics.com
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellman , E. J. , Viano , D. C. , Tucker , A. M. , Casson , I. R. and Waeckerle , J. F. 2003 . Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries . Journal of Neurosurgery , 53 ( 4 ) : 799 – 814 . doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000083559.68424.3F
   Google Scholar
• Protecting Student Athletes from Concussions Act of 2011, H.R. 469, 112th Congress, 1st Session (2011)., [Internet] [accessed June 2011]. www.govtrack.us
   Google Scholar
• Traumatic Brain Injury Legislation – Updated April 2012. National Conference of State Legislatures, [Internet] [accessed April 2012]. www.ncsl.org
   Google Scholar
• Udall, T. (2010). Letter to Consumer Product Safety Commission – football helmet safety standards. November 30 2010. [Internet] [accessed July 2011]. www.tomudall.senate.gov
   Google Scholar
• Udall, T. (2011). Letter to Federal Trade Commission – misleading football helmet safety claims. January 4 2011. [Internet] [accessed July 2011]. www.tomudall.senate.gov
   Google Scholar
• Wolstenholme , W. E. 1962 . Characterizing impact behavior of thermoplastics . Journal of Applied Polymer Science , 6 ( 21 ) : 332 – 337 . doi: 10.1002/app.1962.070062111
   Google Scholar
• Xenith X1 Adult Football Helmet Product Catalog (2009). Xenith, LLC., [Internet] [accessed June 2011]. www.xenith.com
   Google Scholar
• Xenith Football Helmet Product Catalog (2011). Xenith, LLC. [Internet] [accessed October 2011]. www.xenith.com
   Google Scholar
• Xenith Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures (2011). Xenith, LLC. [Internet] [accessed June 2011]. www.xenith.com
   Google Scholar