Religious Leadership Failure: Forgiveness, Apology, and Restitution

REFERENCES

• Allen , G. 2001, December 30 . Restitution: Going beyond forgiveness. . Pentecostal Evangel , : 8 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• American Association of Pastoral Counselors . 1994 . Code of ethics Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http://www.aapc.org/ethics.cfm.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association . 2003 . Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http://www.apa.org/ ethics/code2002.html.
   Google Scholar
• Aquino , K. , Tripp , T. M. and Bies , R. J. 2001 . How employees respond to personal offense: The effects of blame attribution, victim status, and offender status on revenge and reconciliation in the workplace. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 52 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azar , F. , Mullet , E. and Vinsonneau , G. 1999 . The propensity to forgive: Findings from Lebanon. . Journal of Peace Research , 36 : 169 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajt , T. R. and Pope , K. 1989 . Therapist‐patient sexual intimacy involving children and adolescents. . American Psychologist , 44 : 455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beattie , J. and Baron , J. 1995 . In‐kind and out‐of‐kind penalties: Preference and valuation. . Journal of Experimental Psychology, Applied , 1 : 136 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , M. and Dewberry , D. 1994 . “I've said I'm sorry, haven't I?” A study of the identity implications and constraints that apologies create for their recipients. . Current Psychology , 13 : 10 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , M. and Earwalker , D. 1994 . Victims' responses to apologies: The effects of offender responsibility and offense severity. . Journal of Social Psychology , 134 : 457 – 464 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berecz , J. M. 2001 . All that glitters is not gold: Bad forgiveness in counseling and preaching. . Pastoral Psychology , 49 : 253 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Berry , J. W. and Worthington , E. L. 2001 . Forgiveness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events, and physical and mental health. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 48 : 447 – 455 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon , S. D. and Sulsky , L. M. 1997 . Attributions of blame and forgiveness in romantic relationships: A policy‐capturing study. . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 12 : 19 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradfield , M. and Aquino , K. 1999 . The effects of blame attributions and offender likableness on forgiveness and revenge in the workplace. . Journal of Management , 25 : 607 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. 1997 . Remediation, amends, or denial? . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 28 : 297 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrisafis , A. 2005, October 26 . Church, police, state: All failed raped children [Electronic version]. . The Guardian ,
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1998–1999 . Advising clients to apologize. . Southern California Law Review , 72 : 1009 – 1069 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , D. 2002, March 28 . Encounter with her minister broke trust, but not faith [Electronic version]. . Detroit Free Press ,
   Google Scholar
• Coyle , C. T. and Enright , R. 1997 . Forgiveness intervention with postabortion men. . Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , 65 : 1042 – 1046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disch , E. and Avery , N. 2001 . Sex in the consulting room, the examining room, and the sacristy: Survivors of sexual abuse by professionals. . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 71 : 204 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , L. M. , Lapp‐Rincker , R. H. , Magyar‐Moe , J. L. , Rehfeldt , J. D. , Ryder , J. A. and Brown , J. C. 2002 . A positive relationship between religious faith and forgiveness: Faith in the absence of data? . Pastoral Psychology , 50 : 147 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Enright , R. D. 1996 . Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self‐forgiveness. . Counseling and Values , 40 : 107 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Enright , R. D. 2001 . Forgiveness is a choice: A step‐by‐step process for resolving anger and restoring hope , Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Enright , R. D. , Gassin , E. A. and Wu , C. 1992 . Forgiveness: A developmental view. . Journal of Moral Education , 21 : 99 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch , R. J. 2006 . Trauma and forgiveness: A spiritual inquiry. . Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health , 9 : 27 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Fincham , F. D. and Beach , S. R. H. 2002 . Forgiveness in marriage: Implications for psychological aggression and constructive communication. . Personal Relationships , 9 : 239 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincham , F. D. , Beach , S. R. H. and Davila , J. 2004 . Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. . Journal of Family Psychology , 18 : 72 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincham , F. D. and Kashdan , T. D. 2004 . “ Facilitating forgiveness: Developing group and community interventions. ” . In Positive psychology in practice , Edited by: Linley , P. A and Joseph , S . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Finkel , E. J. , Rusbult , C. E. , Kumashiro , M. and Hannon , P. 2002 . Dealing with betrayal in close relationships: Does commitment promote forgiveness? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82 : 956 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis , P. C. and Turner , N. R. 1995 . Sexual misconduct within the Christian church: Who are the perpetrators and those they victimize? . Counseling and Values , 39 : 218 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Freedman , S. R. and Enright , R. D. 1997 . Forgiveness as an intervention goal with incest survivors. . Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 983 – 992 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuno , M. and Ohbuchi , K. 1998 . How effective are different accounts of harm‐doing in softening victims' reactions? A scenario investigation of the effects of severity relationship, and culture. . Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 1 : 167 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , K. C. , Baucom , D. H. and Snyder , D. K. 2004 . An integrative intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 30 : 213 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon , K. C. , Burton , S. and Porter , L. 2004 . Predicting the intentions of women in domestic violence shelters to return to partners: Does forgiveness play a role? . Journal of Family Psychology , 18 : 331 – 338 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadman‐Cromwell , Y. C. 1991 . Sexual misconduct by clergy. . Journal of Religious Thought , 48 : 64 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Haspel , K. C. , Jorgenson , L. M. , Wincze , J. P. and Parsons , J. P. 1997 . Legislative intervention regarding therapist sexual misconduct: An overview. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 28 : 63 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins , N. M. and Laaser , M. 1995 . Restoring the soul of a church: Healing congregations wounded by clergy misconduct , Collegeville , MN : The Order of St. Benedict, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• How common is pastoral indiscretion? . 1988 . Leadership , 9 : 12 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Karremans , J. C. , Van Lange , P. A. M. , Ouwerkerk , J. W. and Kluwer , E. S. 2003 . When forgiving enhances psychological well‐being: The role of interpersonal commitment. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 1011 – 1026 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , T. M. , Kennedy , D. B. and Homant , R. J. 2003 . Evaluation of an individualized treatment program for adolescent shoplifters. . Adolescence , 38 : 725 – 733 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerby , J. A. and Johnson , P. 2005 . Students' reactions to cheating: An examination of the effects of confession on forgiveness and emotions. . Journal of College and Character , 2 Retrieved October 1, 2007 from http://www.collegevalues.org/articles.cfm?a=1&id=1367.
   Google Scholar
• Kim , P. H. , Cooper , C. D. , Ferrin , D. L. and Dirks , K. T. 2004 . Removing the shadow of suspicion: The effects of apology versus denial for repairing competence‐versus integrity‐based trust violations. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 1 : 104 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstam , V. , Marx , F. , Schuurer , J. , Harrington , A. , Lombardo , N. E. and Deveney , S. 2000 . Forgiving: What mental health counselors are telling us. . Journal of Mental Health Counseling , 22 : 253 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamb , D. H. and Catanzaro , S. J. 1998 . Sexual and nonsexual boundary violations involving psychologists, clients, supervisees, and students: Implications for professional practice. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 29 : 498 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb , D. H. , Catanzaro , S. J. and Moorman , A. S. 2003 . Psychologists reflect on their sexual relationships with clients, supervisees, and students: Occurrence, impact rationales, and collegial intervention. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 34 : 102 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layman , M. J. and McNamara , R. 1997 . Remediation for ethics violations: Focus on psychotherapists' sexual contact with clients. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 28 : 281 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leicht , L. 2005, May 5 . Teresa Norris grateful: Methodist group says trial outcome will hurt its ministry [Electronic version]. . Springfield News‐Leader ,
   Google Scholar
• Luepker , E. T. 1999 . Effects of practitioners' sexual misconduct: A follow‐up study. . Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 27 : 51 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough , M. E. , Fincham , F. D. and Tsang , J. 2003 . Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: The temporal unfolding of transgression‐related interpersonal motivations. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 84 : 540 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough , M. E. , Sandage , S. J. , Brown , S. W. , Rachal , K. C. , Worthington , E. L. Jr. and Hight , T. L. 1998 . Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 1586 – 1603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough , M. E. and Worthington , E. L. Jr. 1995 . Promoting forgiveness: A comparison of two brief psychoeducational group interventions with a waiting‐list control. . Counseling and Values , 40 : 55 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• McCullough , M. E. , Worthington , E. L. Jr. and Rachal , K. C. 1997 . Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 321 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone , G. J. 2003 . Prevalence and incidence of Roman Catholic clerical sex offenders. . Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity , 10 : 111 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , C. E. 1989 . Effects of apology on marital and family relationships. . Family Therapy , 16 : 283 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , E. 1997, January 15 . Ex‐minister tearful as sex case near end [Electronic version]. . Houston Chronicle ,
   Google Scholar
• Mullet , E. , Barros , J. , Grongia , L. , Usaï , V. , Neto , F. and Shafighi , S. R. 2003 . Religious involvement and the forgiving personality. . Journal of Personality , 71 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullet , E. , Houdbine , A. , Laumonier , S. and Girard , M. 1998 . “Forgivingness:” Factor structure in a sample of young, middle‐aged, and elderly adults. . European Psychologist , 3 : 289 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Association of Social Workers . 1999 . Code of Ethics Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http://www.naswdc.org/pubs/code/code.asp.
   Google Scholar
• Ohbuchi , K. , Kameda , M. and Agarie , N. 1989 . Apology as aggression control: Its role in mediating appraisal and response to harm. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 219 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohbuchi , K. and Sato , K. 2001 . Children's reactions to mitigating accounts: Apologies, excuses, and intentionality of harm. . Journal of Social Psychology , 134 : 5 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante , T. G. 2003 . Priests behaving badly: What do we know about priest sex offenders? . Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity , 10 : 93 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Pop , J. L. , Sutton , G. W. and Jones , E. G. 2005 . Restoring pastors following a moral failure: The effects of self‐interest and group influence Manuscript submitted for publication, Evangel University
   Google Scholar
• Pope , K. S. 1987 . Preventing therapist‐patient sexual intimacy: Therapy for a therapist at risk. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 18 : 624 – 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regehr , C. and Gutheil , T. 2002 . Apology, justice, and trauma recovery. . Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 30 : 425 – 430 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm , P. H. and Beatty , D. R. 1996 . Legal consequences of apologizing. . Journal of Dispute Resolution , 1 : 116 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Ripley , J. S. and Worthington , E. L. Jr . 2002 . Hope‐focused and forgiveness‐based group interventions to promote marital enrichment. . Journal of Counseling and Development , 80 : 452 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodolfa , E. R. , Kitzrow , M. , Sadhana , V. and Wilson , B. 1990 . Training interns to respond to sexual dilemmas. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 21 : 313 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rye , M. S. 2005 . The religious path toward forgiveness. . Mental Health, Religion, & Culture , 8 : 205 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Scher , S. J. and Darley , J. M. 1997 . How effective are the things people say to apologize? Effects of the realization of the apology speech act. . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 26 : 127 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , W. S. 2006 . Integrating psychotherapy, counseling, and growth‐focused clinical practice [Editorial]. . Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health , 9 (1) : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt , M. , Gollwitzer , M. , Förster , N. and Montada , L. 2004 . Effects of objective and subjective account components on forgiving. . The Journal of Social Psychology , 14 : 465 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , C. D. 2000 . What it means to be sorry: The power of apology in mediation. . Mediation Quarterly: Journal of the Academy of Family Mediators , 17 : 265 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Schoener , G. R. and Gonsiorek , J. 1988 . Assessment and development of rehabilitation plans for counselors who have sexually exploited their clients. . Journal of Counseling and Development , 67 : 227 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevier , S. 2005, November 3 . Syracuse priest sex abuse case waiting [Electronic version]. . TWEAN News Channel of Syracuse News 10 Now ,
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , P , ed. 1999 . Ethical casebook for the practice of marriage and family counseling , Alexandria , VA : American Counseling Association .
   Google Scholar
• Struck , D. 2005, June 27 . Chapels on the auction block: Altar boy abuse settlement in Canada threatens dioceses [Electronic version]. . Washington Post ,
   Google Scholar
• Sugimoto , N. 1998 . Norms of apology depicted in U. S. American and Japanese literature on manners and etiquette. . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 22 : 251 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton , G. W. , McLeland , K. C. , Weaks , K. , Cogswell , P. E. and Miphouvieng , R. N. 2007 . Does Gender Matter? An Exploration of Gender, Spirituality, Forgiveness and Restoration Following Pastor Transgressions. . Pastoral Psychology , 55 : 645 – 663 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , G. W. and Thomas , E. K. 2005 . Can derailed pastors be restored? Effects of offense and age on restoration. . Pastoral Psychology , 53 : 583 – 589 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , G. W. and Thomas , E. K. 2006a . Following derailed Clergy: A message of healing for a shocked congregation. . General Council Assemblies of God Ministers Life and Ministry , Retrieved October 1, 2007, from http://ag.org/top/ministers/Development/articles/ethics_healingforcongregation.cfm.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , G. W. and Thomas , E. K. 2006b . Restoration, reconciliation, and forgiveness: State and process conceptualizations. . American Journal of Pastoral Counseling , 8 : 29 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , G. W. , Washburn , D. M. , Comtois , L. L. and Moeckel , A. R. 2006 . Professional ethics' violations, gender, forgiveness, and the attitudes of social work students. . Journal of College and Character , 7 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , E. K. , White , K. E. and Sutton , G. W. 2007 . Clergy apologies following abuse: What makes a difference? Exploring gender, apology, responsibility‐taking, forgiveness, and restoration Manuscript submitted for publication, Evangel University
   Google Scholar
• Wade , N. G. , Bailey , D. C. and Schaffer . 2005 . Helping clients heal: Does forgiveness make a difference? . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 36 : 634 – 641 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , K. E. 2005 . Pastoral restoration after sexual misconduct: Forgiveness and apology Unpublished master's thesis, Evangel University, Springfield, MO
   Google Scholar
• Wincze , J. P. , Richards , J. , Parsons , J. and Bailey , S. 1996 . A comparative survey of therapist sexual misconduct between an American state and an Australian state. . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 27 : 289 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witvliet , C. V. , Ludwig , T. E. and Vander Laan , K. L. 2001 . Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health. . Psychological Science , 12 : 117 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington , E. L. Jr. 2000 . Is there a place for forgiveness in the justice system? . Fordham Urban Law Journal , 27 : 1721 – 1734 .
   Google Scholar
• Worthington , E. L. Jr. 2003 . Forgiving and reconciling: Bridges to wholeness and hope , Downers Grove IL : InterVarsity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Worthington , E. L. Jr. 2006 . Forgiveness and reconciliation: Theory and application , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Worthington , E. L. Jr. , Hight , T. L. , Ripley , J. S. , Perrone , K. M. , Kurusu , T. A. and Jones , D. R. 1997 . Strategic hope‐focused relationship‐enrichment counseling with individual couples. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 44 : 381 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuthnow , R. 2000 . How religious groups promote forgiving: A national study. . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 39 : 125 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zechmeister , J. and Romero , C. 2002 . Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and unforgiveness. . : 675 – 686 . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82
   Google Scholar