References
- Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K., Krause, N., & Ironson, G. (2015). Robust links between religious/spiritual struggles, psychological distress, and well-being in a national sample of American adults. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(6), 565–575. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000084
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Ammerman, N. T. (in press). Rethinking religion: Toward a practice approach. American Journal of Sociology.
- Barber, J., Parkes, M., Parsons, H., & Cook, C. (2012). Importance of spiritual well-being in assessment of recovery: The Service-user recovery evaluation (SeRvE) scale. The Psychiatrist, 36(12), 444–450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.111.037838
- Barkham, M., Mellor-Clark, J., & Stiles, W. B. (2015). A CORE approach to progress monitoring and feedback: Enhancing evidence and improving practice. Psychotherapy, 52(4), 402–411. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000030
- Barkham, M., Stiles, W. B., Connell, J., Twigg, E., Leach, C., Lucock, M., & Angus, L. (2008). Effects of psychological therapies in randomized trials and practice-based studies. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 397–415. doi:https://doi.org/10.1348/014466508X311713
- Beck, R. (2006). God as secure base: Attachment to God and theological exploration. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 34(2), 125–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710603400202
- Beck, R., & Jessup, R. (2004). The multidimensional nature of quest motivation. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 32(4), 283–294. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710403200401
- Blaine, B., & Crocker, J. (1995). Religiousness, race, and psychological well-being: Exploring social psychological mediators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(10), 1031–1041. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672952110004
- Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford.
- Captari, L. E., Hook, J. N., Hoyt, W., Davis, D. E., McElroy, H. S. E., & Worthington, E. L., Jr. (2018). Integrating clients’ religion and spirituality within psychotherapy: A comprehensive meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 1938–1951. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22681
- Cook, K., Kimball, C., Leonard, K., & Boyatzis, C. (2014). The complexity of quest in emerging adults’ religiosity, well‐being, and identity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(1), 73–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12086
- Cragun, C. L., & Friedlander, M. L. (2012). Experiences of Christian clients in secular psychotherapy: A mixed-methods investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(3), 379–391. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028283
- Currier, J. M., Foster, J. D., Witvliet, C. V., Abernethy, A. D., Root Luna, L. M., Schnitker, S. A., … Carter, J. (2019). Spiritual struggles and mental health outcomes in a spiritually integrated inpatient program. Journal of Affective Disorders, 249, 127–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.012
- Doran, J. (2016). The working alliance: Where have we been, where are we going? Psychotherapy Research, 26(2), 146–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.954153
- Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). The religious and spiritual struggles scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 208–222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036465
- Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Stauner, N., Grubbs, J. G., & Yali, A. M. (2020). A 14-item brief form of the religious and spiritual struggles scale: Development and preliminary validation. Manuscript in preparation.
- Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., & Lobel, M. (1999). When God disappoints: Difficulty forgiving God and its role in negative emotion. Journal of Health Psychology, 4(3), 365–379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539900400306
- Gockel, A. (2011). Client perspectives on spirituality in the therapeutic relationship. The Humanistic Psychologist, 39(2), 154–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2011.564959
- Gomez, R., & Fisher, J. W. (2003). Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the spiritual well-being questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 1975–1991. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00045-X
- Gore, J. (2015). Testing the culture-fit hypothesis with religious beliefs: A multilevel analysis. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18(9), 753–764. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2015.1092507
- Graham, M., Mcdonald, M., & Klaassen, D. (2008). A phenomenological analysis of spiritual seeking: Listening to quester voices. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(2), 146–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610701879498
- Harris, K., Randolph, B., & Gordon, T. (2016). What do clients want? Assessing spiritual needs in counseling: A literature review. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 3(4), 250–275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000108
- Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006). Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychotherapy Research, 16(1), 12–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500352500
- Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.64
- Ho, R. T. H., Chan, C. K. P., Lo, P. H. Y., Wong, P. H., Chan, C. L. W., Leung, P. P. Y., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2016). Understandings of spirituality and its role in illness recovery in persons with schizophrenia and mental-health professionals: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0796-7
- Hodge, D., & Horvath, V. (2011). Spiritual needs in health care settings: A qualitative meta-synthesis of clients‘ perspectives. Social Work, 56(4), 306–316. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/56.4.306
- Hood, R. W., Jr., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2018). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (5th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford.
- Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., Bell, C. A., Davis, D. E., Porter, E., Jessen, M., … Owen, J. (2020). Virtue, flourishing, and positive psychology in psychotherapy: An overview and research prospectus. Psychotherapy. Advance online publication. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000285
- Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., Bell, C. A., Ruffing, E. G., & Adams, C. (2019). Humility and well-being: Testing a relational spirituality model among religious leaders. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(1), 132–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0580-8
- Johnson, T., Sheets, V., & Kristeller, J. (2008). Empirical identification of dimensions of religiousness and spirituality. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 11(8), 745–767. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670701561209
- Koenig, H. G. (2018). Religion and mental health: Research and clinical applications. London: Academic Press.
- Lipka, M., & Gecewicz, C. (2017, September 6). More Americans now say they are spiritual but not religious. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/06/more-americans-now-say-theyre-spiritual-but-not-religious/
- Moodley, T., Esterhuyse, K., & Beukes, R. (2012). Factor analysis of the spiritual well-being questionnaire using a sample of South African adolescents. Religion & Theology, 19(1–2), 122–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/157430112X650339
- Nissen-Lie, H. A., Goldberg, S. B., Hoyt, W. T., Falkenström, F., Holmqvist, R., Nielsen, S. L., & Wampold, B. E. (2016). Are therapists uniformly effective across patient outcome domains? A study on therapist effectiveness in two different treatment contexts. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(4), 367–378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000151
- Oxhandler, H. K., Ellor, J. W., & Stanford, M. S. (2018). Client attitudes toward integrating religion and spirituality in mental health treatment: Scale development and client responses. Social Work, 63(4), 337–346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swy041
- Pargament, K. I., & Exline, J. J. (in press). Religious and spiritual struggles and mental health: Implications for clinical practice. In A. Moreira-Almeida & B. P. Mosqueiro (Eds.), Spirituality and mental health across cultures. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Pew Research Center. (2015, November 3). U.S. public becoming less religious. Washington, DC: Author.
- Rose, E. M., Westefeld, J. S., & Ansley, T. N. (2008). Spiritual issues in counseling: Clients’ beliefs and preferences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, S(1), 18–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1941-1022.S.1.18
- Sandage, S. J., Hill, P. C., & Vaubel, D. C. (2011). Generativity, relational spirituality, gratitude, and mental health: Relationships and pathways. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 21(1), 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2011.532439
- Sandage, S. J., Jankowski, P. J., & Link, D. C. (2010). Quest and spiritual development moderated by spiritual transformation. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 38(1), 15–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711003800102
- Sandage, S. J., Moon, S. H., Glenn, E. S., Paine, D. R., Kehoe, L. E., Rupert, D., … Hassen, S. C. (2017). Relational dynamics between psychotherapy clients and clinic administrative staff: A pilot study. Psychodynamic Practice, 23(3), 249–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14753634.2017.1335226
- Sandage, S. J., Rupert, D., Stavros, G. S., & Devor, N. G. (2020). Relational spirituality in psychotherapy: Healing suffering and promoting growth. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Shumway, B., & Waldo, M. (2012). Client’s religiosity and expected working alliance with theistic psychotherapists. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(2), 85–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025675
- Vieten, C., Scammell, S., Pierce, A., Pilato, R., Ammondson, I., Pargament, K. I., & Lukoff, D. (2016). Competencies for psychologists in the domains of religion and spirituality. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 3(2), 92–114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000078
- Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Wilt, J., Grubbs, J., Exline, J., & Pargament, K. (2016). Personality, religious and spiritual struggles, and well-being. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(4), 341–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000054
- Wink, P., Dillon, M., & Fay, K. (2005). Spiritual seeking, narcissism, and psychotherapy: How are they related? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 44(2), 143–158. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00272.x
- Worthington, E. L., Jr., & Sandage, S. J. (2016). Forgiveness and spirituality in psychotherapy: A relational approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
- Wuthnow, R. (1998). After heaven: Spirituality in America since the 1950s. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Yalom, I. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. New York, NY: Basic Books.