Differences in Outcomes, Completion Rates, and Perceptions of Treatment Between White, Black, and Hispanic LGBT Clients in Substance Abuse Programs

REFERENCES

• Agosti , V. , Nunes , E. and Ocepeck-Welikson , K. 1996 . Patient factors related to early attrition from an outpatient cocaine research clinic . American Journal of Drug Abuse , 22 : 29 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. C. 2009 . Substance use disorders in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients: Assessment and treatment , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arroyo , J. A. , Westerberg , V. S. and Tonigan , J. S. 1998 . Comparison of treatment utilization and outcome for Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 59 : 286 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbara , A. M. 2002 . Substance abuse treatment with lesbian, gay, and bisexual people: A qualitative study of service providers . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services: Issues in Practice, Policy, and Research, Special Issue , 14 : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Beatty , R. L. , Geckle , M. O. , Huggins , J. , Kapner , C. , Lewis , K. and Sandsrom , D. J. 1999 . “ Gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals ” . In Addictions: A comprehensive guidebook , Edited by: McGrady , B. S. and Epstein , E. E. 542 – 551 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beatty , R. L. , Madl-Young , R. and Bostwick , W. B. 2006 . “ Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender substance abuse ” . In The handbook of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender public health , Edited by: Shankle , M. D. 201 – 220 . New York : Harrington Park .
   Google Scholar
• Bimbi , D. S. , Nanin , J. E. and Parsons , J. T. 2006 . Exploring racial and ethnic differences in recreational drug use among gay and bisexual men in New York City and Los Angeles . Journal of Drug Education , 36 : 105 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , R. E. , Corsi , K. F. and Mikulich-Gilbertson , S. K. 2004 . Factors associated with methadone maintenance treatment retention among street-recruited drug users . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 74 : 177 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer , D. D. , Catalano , R. F. , Haggerty , K. , Gainey , R. R. and Fleming , C. B. 1998 . A meta-analysis of predictors of continued drug use during and after treatment for opiate addiction . Addiction , 93 : 73 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower , K. J. and Carey , T. L. 2003 . Racial related health disparities and alcoholism treatment outcomes . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 27 : 1365 – 1367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabaj , R. P. 1995 . Sexual orientation and the addictions . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy , 2 : 97 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Cabaj , R. P. 2000 . Substance abuse, internalized homophobia, and gay men and lesbians: Psychodynamic issues and clinical implications . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy , 3 : 5 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Carballo-Dieguez , A. 1998 . The challenge of staying HIV-negative for Latin American immigrants . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services , 8 : 61 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Chaiken , S. B. 1995 . Cultural factors and outcome in neurobehavioral outpatient cocaine treatment (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 1994) . Dissertation Abstracts International , UMI No. AAT 9510852
   Google Scholar
• Chan , C. S. 1995 . “ Issues of sexual identity in an ethnic minority: The case of Chinese American lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people ” . In Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives , Edited by: D'Augelli , A. R. and Patterson , C. J. 87 – 101 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cochran , B. N. 2004 . Sexual minorities in substance abuse treatment: The impact of provider biases and treatment outcomes (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 2003) . Dissertation Abstracts International , UMI No. AAT 3102639
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , L. A. , Gonzales , J. J. , Gallo , J. J. , Rost , K. M. , Meredith , L. S. , Rubenstein , L. V. , Wang , N. Y. and Ford , D. E. 2003 . The acceptability of treatment for depression among African-American, Hispanic, and white primary care patients . Medical Care , 41 : 479 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , I. , Allison , K. W. , Zamboni , B. D. and Soto , M. 2002 . The influence of dual- identity development on the psychosocial functioning of African-American gay and bisexual men . Journal of Sex Research , 39 : 179 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp , D. , Priest , R. and Torgerson , A. 1998 . African American gay men: Developmental issues, choices, and self-concept . Family Therapy , 25 : 161 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Crosby , G. M. , Stall , R. D. , Paul , J. P. and Barrett , D. C. 2000 . Substance use and HIV risk profile of gay/bisexual males who drop out of substance abuse treatment . AIDS Education and Prevention , 12 : 38 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen , J. 2004 . Understanding the experiences of gay men in addiction treatment: A phenomenological study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, 2004) . Dissertation Abstracts International. , UMI No. AAT NQ91649
   Google Scholar
• Curran , G. M. , Stecker , T. , Xiaotong , H. and Booth , B. M. 2009 . Individual and program predictors of attrition from VA substance use treatment . Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research , 36 : 25 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cwiak , A. 2004 . Return to pride: Measuring readmission at a gay/lesbian/bisexual substance abuse treatment program (Doctoral dissertation, Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2003) . Dissertation Abstracts International , UMI No. AAI3112139
   Google Scholar
• Diaz , R. M. , Ayala , G. , Bein , E. , Henne , J. and Marin , B. V. 2001 . The impact of homophobia, poverty, and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual Latino men: Findings from three U.S. cities . American Journal of Public Health , 91 : 927 – 932 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Division 44/Committee on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Concerns Joint Task Force on Guidelines for Psychotherapy with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients . 2000 . American Psychologist , 55 : 1440 – 1451 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drabble , L. and Underhill , B. L. 2002 . “ Effective intervention and treatment for lesbians ” . In The handbook of addiction treatment for women , Edited by: Straussner , S. L. A. and Brown , S. 399 – 422 . San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Driscoll , R. 1982 . A gay identified alcohol treatment program: A follow-up study . Journal of Homosexuality , 7 : 71 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlinson , H. A. , Colon , H. M. , Robles , R. R. and Soto , M. 2006 . Sexual identity formation and AIDS prevention: An exploratory study of nongay-identified Puerto Rican MSM from working class neighborhoods . AIDS and Behavior , 10 : 531 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnegan , D. G. and McNally , E. B. 2002 . Counseling lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender substance abusers: Dual identities , New York : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fiscella , K. , Franks , P. , Gold , M. R. and Clancy , C. M. 2000 . Inequality in quality: Addressing socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities in health care . JAMA , 283 : 2579 – 2584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , B. 1994 . Ethnic-minority lesbians and gay men: Mental health and treatment issues . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 243 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harawa , N. T. , Greenland , S. , Bingham , T. A. , Johnson , D. F. , Cochran , S. D. , Cunningham , W. E. , Celentano , D. D. , Koblin , B. A. , LaLota , M. , MacKellar , D. A. , McFarland , W. , Shehan , D. , Stoyanoff , S. , Thiede , H. , Torian , L. and Valleroy , L. A. 2004 . Associations of race/ethnicity with HIV prevalence and HIV-related behaviors among young men who have sex with men in seven urban centers in the United States . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 35 : 526 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman , J. S. , Edlund , M. J. and Fortney , J. C. 2004 . Disparities in the adequacy of depression treatment in the United States . Psychiatric Services , 55 : 1379 – 1385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , P. A. and Asche , S. E. 2001 . Outcomes monitoring in Minnesota: Treatment implications, practical limitations . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 21 : 173 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman , T. G. , Kelly , J. A. , Bogart , L. M. , Kalichman , S. C. and Rompa , D. 1999 . HIV risk differences between African-American and white men who have sex with men . Journal of the National Medical Association , 91 : 92 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellman , R. E. , Stanton , M. , Lee , J. , Tytun , A. and Vachon , R. 1989 . Treatment of homosexual alcoholics in government-funded agencies: Provider and training attitudes . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 40 : 1163 – 1168 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard , D. L. , LaVeist , T. A. and McCaughrin , W. C. 1996 . The effect of social environment on treatment outcomes in outpatient substance misuse treatment organizations: Does race really matter? . Substance Use and Misuse , 31 : 617 – 638 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , T. L. and Eliason , M. 2002 . Substance use and abuse in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender populations . Journal of Primary Prevention , 22 : 263 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Icard , L. and Traunstein , D. M. 1987 . Black, gay, alcoholic men: Their character and treatment . Social Casework , 68 : 267 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Irwin , T. W. and Morgenstern , J. 2005 . Drug-use patterns among men who have sex with men presenting for alcohol treatment: Differences in ethnic and sexual identity . Journal of Urban Health , 82 ( Supplement 1 ) : i127 – i133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , A. P. 2006 . The use of psychiatric medications to treat depressive disorders in African American women . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 62 : 793 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justus , A. N. , Burling , T. A. and Weingardt , K. R. 2006 . Client predictors of treatment retention completion in a program for homeless veterans . Substance Use and Misuse , 41 : 751 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , E. , Moy , E. , Stryer , D. , Burstin , H. and Clancy , C. 2005 . The National healthcare quality and disparities report: An overview . Medical Care , 43 : I3 – I8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , A. C. and Canada , S. A. 2004 . Client related predictors of early treatment drop-out in a substance abuse clinic exclusively employing individual therapy . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 26 : 189 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , D. K. , Logan , S. M. and Simpson , D. D . 2001 . Predictors of program completion for women in residential substance abuse treatment . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 27 : 1 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knudson , H. K. , Ducharme , L. J. and Roman , P. M. 2007 . Racial and ethnic disparities in SSRI availability in substance abuse treatment . Psychiatric Services , 58 : 55 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Kominars , S. B. 1995 . “ Homophobia: The heart of darkness ” . In Addiction and recovery in gay and lesbian persons , Edited by: Kus , R. J. 29 – 39 . New York : Harrington Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kraft , J. M. , Beeker , C. , Stokes , J. P. and Peterson , J. L. 2000 . Finding the “community” in community-level HIV/AIDS interventions: Formative research with young African American men who have sex with men . Health Education and Behavior , 27 : 430 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyenbuhl , J. A. , Valenstein , M. , McCarthy , J. F. , Ganoczy , D. and Blow , F. C. 2007 . Long-term antipsychotic polypharmacy in the VA health system: Patient characteristics and treatment patterns . Psychiatric Services , 58 : 489 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kus , R. J. 1988 . Alcoholism and nonacceptance of gay self: The critical link . Journal of Homosexuality , 15 : 25 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacEwan , I. 1994 . Differences in assessment and treatment approaches for homosexual clients . Drug and Alcohol Review , 13 : 57 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mallinger , J. B. and Lamberti , S. J. 2007 . Racial differences in the use of adjunctive psychotropic medications for patients with schizophrenia . Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics , 10 : 15 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura , S. , Nwakeze , P. C. and Demsky , S. 1998 . Pre- and in-treatment predictors of retention in methadone treatment using survival analysis . Addiction , 93 : 51 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , C. R. and Lease , S. H. 2000 . “ Focus on lesbian, gay, and bisexual families ” . In Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients , Edited by: Perez , R. M. , DeBord , K. A. and Bieschke , K. J. 249 – 271 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Matthews , C. R. and Selvidge , M. M. D. 2005 . Lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients’ experiences in treatment for addiction . Journal of Lesbian Studies , 9 : 79 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCaughrin , W. C. and Howard , D. L. 1995 . Variation in outpatient substance abuse treatment units with high concentrations of Latinos versus white clients: Client factors, treatment experiences, and treatment outcomes . Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences , 17 : 509 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaul , M. E. , Svikis , D. S. and Moore , R. D. 2001 . Predictors of outpatient retention: Patient versus substance use characteristics . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 62 : 9 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNally , E. B. and Finnegan , D. G. 1992 . “ Lesbian recovering alcoholics: A qualitative study of identity transformation—a report on research and applications to treatment ” . In Lesbians and gay men: Chemical dependency treatment issues , Edited by: Weinstein , D. L. 93 – 103 . New York : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• McNeece , C. A. and DiNitto , D. M. 1998 . “ Gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and chemical dependency ” . In Chemical dependency: A systems approach , Edited by: McNeece , C. A. and DiNitto , D. M. 318 – 346 . Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Millett , G. , Malebranche , D. , Mason , B. and Spikes , P. 2005 . Focusing “down low:” Bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission . Journal of the National Medical Association , 97 : 52S – 59S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan , C. O. , Nich , C. and Carroll , K. M. 2004 . Ethnic differences in substance abuse treatment retention, compliance, and outcome from two clinical trials . Psychiatric Services , 55 : 167 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neisen , J. H. 1997 . An inpatient psychoeducational group model for gay men and lesbians with alcohol and drug abuse problems . Journal of Chemical Dependency Treatment , 7 : 37 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Neufeld , K. , Kling , V. , Peirce , J. , Kolodner , K. , Brooner , R. and Kidorf , M. 2008 . A comparison of one-year substance abuse treatment outcomes in community syringe exchange participants versus other referrals . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 97 : 122 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• NYS OASAS (New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services) . 2009 . NYS OASAS data warehouse Retrieved July 15, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Office of Substance Abuse, Maine Department of Health and Human Services . 2008 . Substance abuse treatment facility client satisfaction survey: State of Maine, December 2007 , Augusta, ME : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Paul , J. P. , Barrett , D. C. , Crosby , G. M. and Stall , R. D. 1996 . Longitudinal changes in alcohol and drug use among men seen at a gay-specific substance abuse treatment agency . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 57 : 475 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathbone-McCuan , E. and Stokke , D. L. 1997 . “ Lesbian women and substance abuse ” . In Gender and addictions , Edited by: Straussner , S. L. A. and Zelvin , E. 167 – 196 . Northvale, NJ : Jason Aronson .
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , F. 2007 . Patients speak out: Seventh annual statewide patient satisfaction survey , Olympia, WA : Department of Social and Health Services .
   Google Scholar
• SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services) . 2001 . A provider's guide to substance abuse treatment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals , Rockville, MD : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Sansone , J. 1980 . Retention patterns in a therapeutic community for the treatment of drug abuse . The International Journal of the Addictions , 15 : 711 – 736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayre , S. L. , Schmitz , J. M. , Stotts , A. L. , Averill , P. M. , Rhoades , H. M. and Grabowski , J. J. 2002 . Determining predictors of attrition in an outpatient substance abuse program . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 28 : 55 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , E. C. , Zaslavsky , A. M. and Epstein , A. M. 2002 . Racial disparities in the quality of care for enrollees in Medicare managed care . JAMA , 287 : 1288 – 1294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnittker , J. 2003 . Misgivings of medicine?: African Americans’ skepticism of psychiatric medication . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 44 : 506 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senreich , E. and Vairo , E. 2004 . “ Treatment of gay, lesbian, and bisexual substance abusers ” . In Clinical work with substance-abusing clients , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Straussner , S. L. A. 392 – 422 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Senreich , E. 2009 . A comparison of perceptions, reported abstinence, and completion rates of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual clients in substance abuse treatment . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health , 13 : 145 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Snowden , L. R. and Pingitore , D. 2002 . Frequency and scope of mental health service delivery to African Americans in primary care . Mental Health Services Research , 4 : 123 – 130 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staines , G. , Magura , S. , Rosenblum , A. , Fong , C. , Kosanke , N. , Foote , J. and Deluca , A. 2003 . Predictors of drinking outcomes among alcoholics . The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 29 : 203 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straussner , S. L. A. 2001 . “ Ethnocultural issues in substance abuse treatment: An overview ” . In Ethnocultural factors in substance abuse treatment , Edited by: Straussner , S. L. A. 3 – 27 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Szymanski , D. M. and Meyer , D. 2008 . Racism and heterosexism as correlates of psychological distress in African American sexual minority women . Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling , 22 : 94 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Tonigan , J. S. 2003 . Project Match treatment participation and outcome in self-report ethnicity . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 27 : 1340 – 1344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warn , D. J. 1997 . “ Recovery issues of substance abusing gay men ” . In Gender and addictions , Edited by: Straussner , S. L. A. and Zelvin , E. 385 – 410 . Northvale, NJ : Jason Aronson .
   Google Scholar
• Wilton , L. , Halkitis , P. N. , English , G. and Roberson , M. 2005 . An exploratory study of barebacking, club drug use, and meanings of sex in black and Latino gay and bisexual men in the age of AIDS . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy , 9 : 49 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Wynn , R. and West-Olatunji , C. 2009 . Use of culture-centered counseling theory with ethnically diverse LGBT clients . Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling , 3 : 198 – 214 .
   Google Scholar