It's Not Burnout, It's More: Queer College Activists of Color and Mental Health

REFERENCES

• Astin , A. W. 1993 . What matters in college: Four critical years revisited , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Bilodeau , B. 2009 . Genderism: Transgender students, binary systems, and higher education , Saarbrücken, , Germany : VDM Verlag Dr. Müller .
   Google Scholar
• Bontempo , D. E. and D’Augelli , A. R. 2002 . Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths’ health risk behavior . Journal of Adolescent Health , 30 : 364 – 374 . Retrieved from http://jahonline.org/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgman , A. L. 2009 . LGB allies and Christian identity: A qualitative exploration of resolving conflicts and integrating identities . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 56 ( 4 ) : 508 – 520 . doi: doi: 10.1037/a0016691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camic , P. M. , Rhodes , J. E. and Yardley , L. 2003 . Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Cass , V. C. 1979 . Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model . Journal of Homosexuality , 4 : 219 – 235 . doi: doi: 10.1080/00224498409551214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang , L. , Hunter , C. D. and Yeh , C. J. 2004 . Coping attitudes, sources, and practices among Black and Latino college students . Adolescence , 39 ( 156 ) : 793 – 815 . Retrieved from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.helin.uri.edu/ehost/
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cochran , S. D. 2001 . Emerging issues in research on lesbians’ and gay men's mental health: Does sexual orientation really matter? . American Psychologist , 56 : 931 – 947 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.11.931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. 2004 . Social relationships and health . American Psychologist , 59 ( 8 ) : 676 – 684 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohn , T. 2010 . Resilience among rural lesbian youth . Journal of Lesbian Studies , 14 : 71 – 79 . doi: doi: 10.1080/10894160903060325
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coleman , E. 1982 . Developmental stages of the coming out process . Journal of Homosexuality , 7 : 82 – 100 . doi: doi: 10.1177/000276482025004009
   Google Scholar
• Connolly , M. 2000 . “ Issues for lesbian, gay, and bisexual students in traditional college classrooms ” . In Toward acceptance: Sexual orientation issues on campus , Edited by: Wall , V. and Evans , N. 109 – 130 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Creswell , J. W. 2009 . Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Creswell , J. W. 2007 . Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions , 2nd ed. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Creswell , J. and Miller , D. 2000 . Determining validity in qualitative inquiry . Theory Into Practice , 39 ( 3 ) : 124 – 130 . doi:10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Augelli , A. R. , Grossman , A. H. and Starks , M. T. 2006 . Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 21 : 1 – 21 . doi: doi: 10.1177/0886260506293482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeBlaere , C. , Brewster , M. E. , Sarkees , A. and Moradi , B. 2010 . Conducting research with LGB people of color: Methodological challenges and strategies . The Counseling Psychologist , 38 ( 3 ) : 331 – 362 . doi: doi: 10.1177/0011000009335257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detrie , P. M. and Lease , S. H. 2008 . The relation of social support, connectedness, and collective self-esteem to the psychological well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth . Journal of Homosexuality , 53 ( 4 ) : 173 – 199 . doi: doi: 10.1080/ 00918360802103449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dukes , S. 1984 . Phenomenological methodology in the human sciences . Journal of Religion and Health , 23 ( 3 ) : 197 – 203 . doi: doi: 10.1007/BF00990785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , N. J. and Broido , E. M. 1999 . Coming out in college: Negotiation, meaning making, challenges, supports . Journal of College Student Development , 40 ( 6 ) : 658 – 668 . Retrieved from http://www.jcsdonline.org/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassinger , R. E. , Shullman , S. L. and Stevenson , M. R. 2010 . Toward an affirmative lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender leadership paradigm . American Psychologist , 65 ( 3 ) : 201 – 215 . doi:10.1037/a0018597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figley , C. R. 2002 . Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists chronic lack of self-care . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 58 : 1433 – 1441 . doi: doi: 10.1002/jclp10090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , A. R. and Shaw , C. M. 1999 . African Americans’ mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 46 ( 3 ) : 395 – 407 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman , S. and Lazarus , R. S. 1980 . An analysis of coping in a middle aged community sample . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 21 : 219 – 239 . doi: doi: 10.2307/2136617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilman , S. E. , Cochran , S. D. , Mays , V. M. , Hughes , M. , Ostrow , D. and Kessler , R. C. 2001 . Risks of psychiatric disorders among individuals reporting same sex partners in the national comorbidity survey . American Journal of Public Health , 91 : 933 – 939 . doi: doi: 10.2105/AJPH.91.6.933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi , A. P. and Giorgi , B. M. 2003 . “ The descriptive phenomenological psychological method ” . In Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design , Edited by: Camic , P. M. , Rhodes , J. E. and Yardley , L. Washington, DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• Goode-Cross , D. T. and Good , G. E. 2008 . African American men who have sex with men: Creating safe spaces through relationships . Psychology of Men and Masculinity , 9 ( 4 ) : 221 – 234 . doi: doi: 10.1037/a0013428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , B. 1997 . “ Ethnic minority lesbians and gay men: Mental health and treatment issues ” . In Ethnic and cultural diversity among lesbians and gay men , Edited by: Greene , B. 216 – 239 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Harding , S. 1987 . Feminism and methodology , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harper , S. R. and Hurtado , L. D. 2007 . “ Nine themes in campus racial climates and implications for institutional transformation ” . In New Directions for Student Services Edited by: Harper , S. R. and Patton , L. D. Vol. 120 , 7 – 24 . Responding to the realities of race on campus
   Google Scholar
• Harper , G. W. , Jernewall , N. and Zea , M. C. 2004 . Giving voice to emerging science and theory for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people of color . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 10 ( 3 ) : 187 – 199 . doi: doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.10.3.187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hefner , J. and Eisenberg , D. 2009 . Social support and mental health among college students . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 79 : 491 – 499 . doi: doi: 10.1037/a0016918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. 2007 . Confronting social stigma and prejudice: Theory and practice . Journal of Social Issues , 63 : 905 – 925 . doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00544.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek , G. M. and Garnet , L. D. 2007 . Sexual orientation and mental health . Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , 3 : 353 – 375 . doi: doi: 10.1146/annurev. clinpsy.3.022806.091510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrell , R. , Goldberg , J. , True , W. R. , Ramakrishnan , V. , Lyons , M. , Eisen , S. and Tsuang , T. 1999 . Sexual orientation and suicidality: A co-twin control study in adult men . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 : 867 – 874 . doi: doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hesse-Biber , S. N. and Yaiser , M. L. 2004 . Feminist perspectives on social research , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hurtado , S. 2003 . “ Preparing college students for a diverse democracy: Final report to the U.S. Department of Education, OERI, field initiated studies program ” . Ann Arbor, MI : Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Education .
   Google Scholar
• Husserl , E. 1913/1962 . Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology , Edited by: Gibson , W. R. B. New York, NY : Collier Books. (Original work published 1913 .
   Google Scholar
• Hwang , W. and Goto , S. 2009 . The impact of perceived racial discrimination on the mental health of Asian American and Latino college students . Asian American Journal of Psychology , 1 : 15 – 28 . doi: doi: 10.1037/1948-1985.S.1.15
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki , Y. , Bartlett , J. , Mackay , K. , Mactavish , J. and Ristoclk , J. 2008 . Mapping nondominant voices into understanding stress-coping mechanisms . Journal of Community Psychology , 36 ( 6 ) : 702 – 722 . doi: doi: 10.1002/jcop.20251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , S. R. , Torres , V. and Arminio , J. 2006 . Negotiating the complexities of qualitative research in higher education: Fundamental elements and issues. , New York, NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , E. P. 2003 . Appropriating blackness: Performance and the politics of authenticity. , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , E. P. 2008 . Sweet tea: Black gay men of the south—an oral history , Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klandermans , B. 2003 . “ Disengaging from movements ” . In The social movements reader: Cases and concepts , Edited by: Goodwin , J. and Jasper , J. M. Malden, MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Kosciw , J. G. , Greytack , E. A. , Diaz , E. M. and Bartkiewicz , M. J. 2009 . The 2009 national school climate survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation's schools , New York, NY : GLSEN .
   Google Scholar
• Kovan , J. T. and Dirkx , J. M. 2003 . “Being called awake”: The role of transformative learning in the lives of environmental activists . Adult Education Quarterly , 53 ( 2 ) : 99 – 118 . doi: doi: 10.1177/0741713602238096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslach , C. , Schaufeli , W. and Leiter , M. 2001 . Job burnout . Annual Review of Psychology , 52 : 397 – 422 . doi: doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , C. R. 2007 . “ Affirmative lesbian, gay, and bisexual counseling with all clients ” . In Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients , Edited by: Bieschke , K. J. , Perez , R. M. and DeBord , K. A. Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Mays , V. M. and Cochran , S. D. 2001 . Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States . American Journal of Public Health , 91 : 1869 – 1876 . doi: doi: 10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mena , J. and Vaccaro , A. 2011 . Tell me you love me no matter what , Kingston, RI : Paper presented at the 17th Annual GLBT Symposium, University of Rhode Island .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , I. H. 2003 . Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence . Psychological Bulletin , 129 ( 5 ) : 674 – 697 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuliffe , G. 2008 . Culturally alert counseling: A comprehensive introduction , Los Angeles, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Morrow , S. L. 2005 . Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 52 ( 2 ) : 250 – 260 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moustakas , C. 1994 . Phenomenological research methods , Thousand Oakes, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Munoz-Plaza , C. , Quinn , S. C. and Rounds , K. A. 2002 . Lesbian gay, bisexual and transgender students: Perceived social support in high school environment . The High School Journal , 85 : 52 – 63 . doi: doi: 10.1353/hsj.2002.0011
   Google Scholar
• Needham , B. L. and Austin , E. L. 2010 . Sexual orientation, parental support, and health during the transition to young adulthood . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 39 ( 10 ) : 1189 – 1198 . doi: doi: 10.1007/s10964-010-9533-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , L. D. 2011 . Perspectives on identity, disclosure, and the campus environment among African American gay and bisexual college men at one historically black college . Journal of College Student Development , 52 ( 1 ) : 77 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponterotto , J. G. 2005 . Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 52 ( 2 ) : 126 – 136 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postmes , T. and Branscombe , N. R. 2002 . Influence of long-term racial environmental composition on subjective well-being in African Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 ( 3 ) : 735 – 751 . doi: doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin , S. R. 2005 . “ Campus climates for sexual minorities ” . In New Directions for Student Services Edited by: Sanlo , R. L. Vol. 111 , 17 – 24 . Gender identity and sexual orientation: Research, policy and personal perspectives
   Google Scholar
• Rankin , S. , Weber , G. , Blumenfeld , W. and Frazer , S. 2010 . The state of higher education for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people , Charlotte, NC : Campus Pride .
   Google Scholar
• Reinharz , S. 1992 . Feminist methods in social research , New York, NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Renn , K. A. 2007 . LGBT student leaders and queer activists: Identities of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer identified college student leaders and activists . Journal of College Student Development , 48 ( 3 ) : 311 – 330 . doi: doi: 10.1353/csd.2007.0029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renn , K. A. and Ozaki , C. C. 2010 . Psychosocial and leadership identities among leaders of identity-based campus organizations . Journal of Diversity in Higher Education , 3 ( 1 ) : 1426 doi: doi: 10.1037/a0018564
   Google Scholar
• Renschler , A. 2008 . Sustaining the effort: Investigating the relationship between self-esteem, coping, and burnout in pro-choice women activists . (Doctoral dissertation) , Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/cgi-bin/redirect?url= http://gateway.proquest.com/
   Google Scholar
• Rhoads , R. A. 1997 . Implications of the growing visibility of gay and bisexual male students on campus . NASPA Journal , 34 ( 4 ) : 275 – 286 . Retrieved from http://journals.naspa.org/jsarp/
   Google Scholar
• Rocco , T. S. and Gallagher , S. J. 2006 . “ Straight privilege and moralizing: Issues in career development ” . In New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education , Edited by: Hill , R. J. Vol. 112 , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass . Challenging homophobia and heterosexism: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer issues in organizational settings
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers , K. 2010 . “Anger is why we’re all here”: Mobilizing and managing emotions in a professional activist organization . Journal of Social Movements , 9 ( 3 ) : 273 – 291 . doi: doi: 10.1080/14742837.2010.493660
   Google Scholar
• Rowe , M. M. 2006 . Four-year longitudinal study of behavioral changes in coping with stress . American Journal of Health Behavior , 30 ( 6 ) : 602 – 612 . Retrieved from http://www.ajhb.org/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheu , H. B. and Sedlacek , W. E. 2004 . An exploratory study of help-seeking attitudes and coping strategies among college students by race and gender . Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development , 37 : 130 – 143 . Retrieved from http://mec.sagepub.com/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solórzano , D. G. and Yosso , T. J. 2001 . Critical race and LatCrit theory and method: Counter-story-telling . International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education , 14 ( 4 ) : 471 – 495 . doi: doi: 10.1080/09518390110063365
   Google Scholar
• Solórzano , D. G. and Yosso , T. J. 2002 . Critical race methodology: Counter-storytelling as an analytic framework for education research . Qualitative Inquiry , 8 ( 1 ) : 23 – 44 . doi: doi: 10.1080/09518390110063365
   Google Scholar
• Sparang , G. , Clarck , J. and Whitt-Woosely , A. 2007 . Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional's quality of life . Journal of Loss and Trauma , 12 : 259 – 280 . doi: doi: 10.1080/15325020701238093
   Google Scholar
• Strayhorn , T. L. , Blakewood , A. M. and DeVita , J. M. 2008 . Factors affecting the college choice of African American gay make undergraduates: Implications for retention . National Association of Student Affairs Professionals Journal , 11 ( 1 ) : 88 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. and Sue , D. 2008 . Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice , Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Szymanski , D. M. , Kashubeck-West , S. and Meyer , J. 2005 . Internalized heterosexism: A historical and theoretical overview . The Counseling Psychologist , 36 ( 4 ) : 510 – 524 . doi: doi: 10.1177/0011000007309488
   Google Scholar
• Szymanski , D. G. and Gupta , A. 2009 . Examining the relationship between multiple internalized oppressions and African American lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning persons’ self-esteem and psychological distress . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 56 ( 1 ) : 110 – 118 . doi: doi: 10.1037/a0012981
   Google Scholar
• Tashakkori , A. and Teddlie , C. 1998 . Mixed methodology , Vol. 46 , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Tatum , B. D. 1997 . Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? And other conversations about race. , New York, NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Troiden , R. 1988 . Gay and lesbian identity: A sociological analysis , Six Hills, NY : General Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Wertz , F. J. 2005 . Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 52 ( 2 ) : 167 – 177 . doi: doi: 10.1037/ 0022-0167.52.2.167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , D. , Moore , P. , Boyd , E. L. , Easley , J. and Russell , A. 2008 . The identification of cultural factors that impact well-being among African American college students . Psychology Journal , 5 ( 2 ) : 105 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Windmeyer , S. 2005 . Brotherhood: Gay life in college fraternities , New York, NY : Alyson Books .
   Google Scholar
• Zapf , D. , Seifert , C. , Schmutte , B. and Mertini , H. 2001 . Emotion work and job stressors and their effects on burnout . Psychology and Health , 16 ( 5 ) : 527 – 545 . doi: doi: 10.1080/08870440108405525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zubernis , L. and Snyder , M. 2007 . Considerations of additional stressors and developmental issues for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender college students . Journal of College Student Psychotherapy , 22 ( 1 ) : 75 – 79 . doi: doi: 10.1300/J035v22n01_06
   Google Scholar