536
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Repressed anger mediates associations between sexual minority stressors and negative psychological outcomes in gay men and lesbian women

, PhD, , PhD & , PhD
Pages 280-296 | Received 27 May 2015, Accepted 13 Mar 2016, Published online: 13 Apr 2016

References

  • Abrami, L. M. (2009). The healing power of humor in logotherapy. International Journal of Logotherapy, 32, 7–12.
  • Ashton, E., Vosvick, M., Chesney, M., Gore-Felton, C., Koopman, C., O'Shea, K., … Spiegel, D. (2005). Social support and maladaptive coping as predictors of the change in physical health symptoms among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19, 587–598.
  • Astin, J. A. (1998). Why patients use alternative medicine: Results of a national study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1548–1553.
  • Beck, R., & Fernandez, E. (1998). Cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of anger: A meta-analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 63–74.
  • Berghe, W. V., Dewaele, A., Cox, N., & Vincke, J. (2010). Minority-specific determinants of mental well-being among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 153–166.
  • Berk, R. A. (2015). The greatest verneration: Humor as a coping strategy for the challenges of aging. Social Work in Mental Health, 13, 30–47.
  • Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 35–45.
  • Boylan, J. M., & Ryff, C. (2013). Varieties of anger and the inverse link between education and inflammation: Toward an integrative framework. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75, 566–574.
  • Bruehl, S., Chung, O. Y., Burns, J. W., & Diedrich, L. (2007). Trait anger expressiveness and pain-induced beta-endorphin release: Support for the opioid dysfunction hypothesis. Pain, 130, 208–215.
  • Can, S. H., & Hendy, H. M. (2014). Police stressors, negative outcomes associated with them, and coping mechanisms that may reduce them. Police Journal: Theory, Practice, and Principles, 87, 167–177.
  • Caska, C. M., Smith, T. W., Renshaw, K. D., Allen, S. N., Uchino, B. N., Birmingham, W., & Carlisle, M. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and responses to couple conflict: Implications for cardiovascular risk. Health Psychology, 33, 1273–1280.
  • Chen, K., Scheier, L. M., & Kandel, D. B. (1996). Effects of chronic cocaine use on physical health: A prospective study in a general population sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 43, 23–37.
  • Chida, Y., & Vedhara, K. (2009). Adverse psychosocial factors predict poorer prognosis in HIV disease: A meta-analytic review of prospective investigations. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23, 434–445.
  • Cochran, S. D. (2001). Emerging issues in research on lesbians' and gay men's mental health: Does sexual orientation really matter? American Psychologist, 56, 931–947.
  • Cole, S. W., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., & Visscher, B. R. (1996). Elevated physical health risk among gay men who conceal their sexual identify. Health Psychology, 15, 243–251.
  • Crocker, J. (1999). Social stigma and self-esteem: Situational construction of self-worth. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 89–107.
  • Deffenbacher, J. L., Dahlen, E. R., Lynch, R. S., Morris, C. D., & Gowensmith, W. N. (2000). An application of Beck's cognitive therapy to general anger reduction. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 689–697.
  • Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 355–391.
  • Dietrich, A. (2006). Transient hypofrontality hypothesis as a mechanism for the psychological effects of exercise. Psychiatry Research, 145, 79–83.
  • Doty, N. D., Willoughby, B. L. B. Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2010). Sexuality related social support among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1134–1147.
  • Dua, J. K., & Swinden, M. L. (1992). Effectiveness of negative-thought-reduction, meditation, and placebo training treatment in reducing anger. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 33, 135–146.
  • Ferner, R. E., & Aronson, J. K. (2013). Laughter and MIRTH (Methodical Investigation of Risibility, Therapeutic and Harmful): Narrative synthesis. British Medical Journal, 347, 1–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org.ezaccess.libraries.psu.edu/10.1136/bmj.f7274
  • Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Joycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment, 9, 445–451.
  • Floam, S., Simpson, N., Nemeth, E., Scott-Suterland, J., Gautam, S., & Haack, M. (2015). Sleep characteristics as predictor variables of stress systems markers in insomnia disorder. Journal of Sleep Research, 14, 296–304.
  • Galovski, T. E., Elwood, L. S., Blain, L. M., & Resick, P. A. (2014). Changes in anger in relationship to responsivity to PTSD treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6, 56–64.
  • Grossman, A. H., D'Augelli, A. R., & Hershberger, S. L. (2000). Social support networks of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults 60 years of age and older. Journals of Gerontoloty: Psychological Sciences, 55B, P171–179.
  • Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 35–53.
  • Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin?” A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 707–730.
  • Hendler, R. A., Ramchandani, V. A., Gilman, J., & Hommer, D. W. (2013). Stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol. Current Topics in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 489–509.
  • Hendy, H. M., Can, S. H., Covell, R., & Keating, R. University workplace stressors, negative outcomes associated with them, and coping behavior that may mediate these associations. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Hequembourg, A. L., & Dearing, R. L. (2013). Exploring shame, guilt, and risky substance use among sexual minority men and women. Journal of Homosexuality, 60, 615–638.
  • Herrero, N., Gadea, M., Rodriquez-Alarcon, Espert G., & Salvador, R. (2010). What happens when we get angry? Hormonal, cardiovascular and asymmetrical brain reskponses. Hormones and Behavior, 57, 276–283.
  • Hoffman, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1126–1132.
  • Kazen, M., Kuenne, T., Frankenberg, H., & Quirin, M. (2012). Inverse relation between cortisol and anger and their relation to performance and explicit memory. Biological Psychology, 91, 28–35.
  • Kelley, M. L., Milletich, R. J., Lewis, R. J., Winstead, B. A., Barraco, C. L., & Padilla, M. A. (2014). Predictors of perpetration of men's same-sex partner violence. Violence and Victims, 29, 784–796.
  • Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994). Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19, 313–333.
  • Koenig, H., Parkerson, G. R., Jr., & Meador, K. G. (1997). Religion index for psychiatric research. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 885–886.
  • Kwon, P. (2013). Resilience in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 371–383.
  • Larson, D. G., & Chastain, R. L. (1990). Self-concealment: Conceptualization, measurement, and health implications. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 439–455.
  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Berndt, A., Morris, L. M., & Rose, S. (2001). An empirical analysis of stressors for gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 42, 63–88.
  • Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Griffin, J. L., & Krowinski, A. C. (2003). Stressors for gay men and lesbians: Life stress, gay-related stress, stigma consciousness, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 716–729.
  • Lewis, R. J., Milletich, R. J., Kelley, M. L., & Woody, A. (2012). Minority stress, substance use, and intimate partner violence among sexual minority women. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 247–256.
  • Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2009). Anger and shame elicited by discrimination: Moderating role of coping on action endorsements and salivary cortisol. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 163–185.
  • Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2001). Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1869–1876.
  • McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Keyes, K. M. (2010). Responses to discrimination and psychiatric disorders among Black, Hispanic, female, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1477–1484.
  • Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 38–56.
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697.
  • Ortony, A., Clore, G. L., & Collins, A. (1989). The cognitive struction of emotions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 328–345.
  • Perez-de-Albentz, A., & Holmes, J. (2000). Meditation: Concepts, effects, and uses in therapy. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 5, 49–58.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717–731.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.
  • Quartana, P. J., & Burns, J. W. (2010). Emotion suppression affects cardiovascular responses to initial and subsequent laboratory stressors. British Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 511–528.
  • Quinn, C. A., Rollock, D., & Vrana, S. R. (2014). A test of Spielberger's state-trait theory of anger with adolescents: Five hypotheses. Emotion, 14, 74–84.
  • Richter, S., Deter, H., Rudat, M., Schachinger, H., Zimmerman-Viehoff, F., & Weber, C. (2011). Anger and cardiovascular startle reactivity in normotensive young males. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 79, 364–370.
  • Rochlen, A. B., Zack, J. S., & Speyer, C. (2004). Online therapy: Review of relevant definitions, debates, and current empirical support. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 269–283.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Sanchez-Gonzalez, M. A., May, R. W., Koutnik, A. P., & Fincham, F. D. (in press). Impact of negative affectivity and trait forgiveness on aortic blood pressure and coronary circulation. Psychophysiology.
  • Sapolsky, R. M. (1996). Why stress is bad for your brain. Science, 273, 749–750.
  • Schrieks, I. C., Ripken, D., Stafleu, A., Witkamp, R. F., & Hendriks, H. F. J. (2015). Effects of mood inductions by meal ambiance and moderate alcohol consumption on endocannabinoids and N-acylethanolamines in humans: A randomized crossover trial. PLoS ONE, 10, e0126421. doi:10.137/journal.pone.0126421.
  • Schrimshaw, E. W., Siegel, K., Downing, M. J., Jr., & Parsons, J. T. (2013). Disclosure and concealment of sexual orientation and the mental health of non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 141–153.
  • Shivpuri, S., Gallo, L. C., Mills, P. J., Mathews, K. A., Elder, J. P., & Talavera, G. A. (2011). Trait anger, cynical hostility and inflammation in Latinas: Variations by anger type? Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 25, 1256–1263.
  • Speilberger, C. D., Johnson, E. H., Russel, S. F., Crane, R. J., Jacobs, G. A., & Worden, T. J. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an Anger Expression Scale. In M. A. Chesney & R. H. Rosenman (Eds.), Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders (pp. 5–30). New York, NY: Hemisphere.
  • Tartaro, J., Luecken, L. J., & Gunn, H. E. (2005). Exploring heart and soul: Effects of religiosity/spirituality and gender on blood pressure and cortisol stress responses. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 753–766.
  • Vecchio, T. D., & O'Leary, D. (2004). Effectiveness of anger treatments for specific anger problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 15–34.
  • Vreeburg, S. A., Kruijtzer, B. P., van Pelt, J., van Dyck, R., DeRijk, R. H., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., … Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2009). Associations between sociodemographic, sampling and health factors and various salivary cortisol indicators in a large sample without psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1109–1120.
  • Woodbury-Farina, M. A., & Antongiorgi, J. L. (2014). Humor. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 37, 561–578.
  • Wright, A., & Wegner, R. T. (2012). Homonegative microaggressions and their impact on LGB individuals: A measure validity study. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 6, 34–54.
  • Yoshihara, K., Hiramoto, T., Oka, T., Kubo, C., & Sudo, N. (in press). Effect of 12 weeks of yoga training on the somatization, psychological symptoms, and stress-related biomarkers of healthy women. BioPsychoSocial Medicine.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.