Looking on the bright side of stigma: How stress-related growth facilitates adaptive coping among gay and bisexual men

References

• Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217–237.doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonet, L., Wells, B. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2007). A positive look at a difficult time: A strength- based examination of coming out for lesbian and bisexual women. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3, 7–14. doi:10.1300/J463v03n01_02
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000). Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the U.S. population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151, 516–523. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2009). Burden of psychiatric morbidity among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in the California Quality of Life Survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 640–658. doi:10.1037/a0016501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, N., Dewaele, A., van Houtte, M., & Vincke, J. (2011). Stress-related growth, coming out, and internalized homonegativity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. An examination of stress-related growth within the minority stress model. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 117–137. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.533631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (2001). BSI 18, Brief Symptom Inventory 18: Administration, scoring and procedures manual, NCS Pearson, Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein, B. A., Goldfried, M. R., & Davila, J. (2012). The relationship between experiences of discrimination and mental health among lesbians and gay men: An examination of internalized homonegativity and rejection sensitivity as potential mechanisms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 917–927. doi:10.1037/a0029425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Stress, positive emotion, and coping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 115–118. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172–175. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub, S. A., Walker, J. J., Longmire-Avital, B., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2010). The role of religiosity, social support, and stress-related growth in protecting against HIV risk among transgender women. Journal of Health Psychology, 15, 1135–1144. doi:10.1177/1359105310364169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 551–573. doi:10.1080/026999399379186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 214–219. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediational framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 707–730. doi:10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2014). Structural stigma and the health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 127–132. doi:10.1177/0963721414523775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helgeson, V. S., Reynolds, K. A., & Tomich, P. L. (2006). A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 797–816. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrick, A. L., Lim, S. H., Wei, C., Smith, H., Gudamuz, T., Freedman, M. S., & Stall, R. (2011). Resilience as an untapped resource in behavioral intervention designed for gay men. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 25–29. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9895-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kring, A. M., & Sloan, D. S. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A. J., Norman, S. B., Means‐Christensen, A., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Abbreviated brief symptom inventory for use as an anxiety and depression screening instrument in primary care. Depression and Anxiety, 2, 537–543. doi:10.1002/da.20471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layous, K., Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Positive activities as protective factors against mental health conditions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123, 3–12. doi:10.1037/a0034709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood, R. A., Vanable, P. A., Carey, M. P., & Blair, D. C. (2008). The association of benefit finding to psychosocial and health behavior adaptation among HIV+ men and women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 145–155. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9142-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2001). Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1869–1876. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milam, J. (2006). Posttraumatic growth and HIV disease progression. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 74, 817–827. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2010). Internalized homophobia and internalizing mental health problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 1019–1029. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E. (2014). Uncovering clinical principles and techniques to address minority stress, mental health, and related health risks among gay and bisexual men. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21, 313–330. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E. (2015). A transdiagnostic minority stress pathways approach for treating psychosocial syndemic conditions among gay and bisexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1843–1860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., Goldfried, M. R., & Ramrattan, M. E. (2008). Extension of the rejection sensitivity construct to the interpersonal functioning of gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 306–317. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pachankis, J. E., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Rendina, H. J., Safren, S. A., & Parsons, J. T. (2015). LGB-affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy for young adult gay and bisexual men: A randomized controlled trial of a transdiagnostic minority stress approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83, 875–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Mulch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64, 71–105. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00815.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Growth following highly stressful life events: Current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 791–796. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R. C. & Diamond, L. M. (2000). Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons. Archive of Sexual Behavior, 29, 607–627. doi:10.1023/A:1002058505138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, S. R., Stanton, A. L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2003). The yellow brick road and the Emerald City: Benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping, and posttraumatic growth in women with early-stage breast cancer. Health Psychology, 22, 487–497. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.22.5.487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, M. (2004). Positive stigma: Examining resilience and empowerment in overcoming stigma. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591, 175–185. doi:10.1177/0002716203260099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel, K., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Pretter, S. (2005). Stress-related growth among women living with HIV/AIDS: Examination of an explanatory model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 403–414. doi:10.1007/s10865-005-9015-6
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tugade, M. M., & Frederickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 320–331. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, M. D., & Rodriguez, E. M. (2014). LGBT strengths: Incorporating positive psychology into theory, research, training, and practice. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1, 325–334.
   Google Scholar
• Vaughan, M., & Waehler, C. (2010). Coming out growth: Conceptualizing and assessing experiences of stress-related growth associated with coming out as gay or lesbian. Journal of Adult Development, 17, 94–109. doi:10.1007/s10804-009-9084-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn, A. A., Roesch, S. C., & Aldridge, A. A. (2009). Stress-related growth in racial/ethnic minority adolescents: Measurement structure and validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69, 131–145. doi:10.1177/0013164408318775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar