Does it get better? Change in depressive symptoms from late-adolescence to early-adulthood, disordered eating behaviors, and sexual identity

References

• American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724–731. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, S. B., Ziyadeh, N. J., Corliss, H. L., Rosario, M., Wypij, D., Haines, J., … Field, A. E. (2009). Sexual orientation disparities in purging and binge eating from early to late adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3), 238–245. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkman, N. D., Lohr, K. N., & Bulik, C. M. (2007). Outcomes of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(4), 293–309. doi:10.1002/eat.20369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkett, M., Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2015). Does it get better? A longitudinal analysis of psychological distress and victimization in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(3), 280–285. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney, E., Goodwin, G. M., & Fazel, S. (2014). Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review . World Psychiatry : Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (Wpa), 13(2), 153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalia Research (2016). October 18). Counting the LGBT population: 6% of Europeans identify as LGBT. Retrieved from https://daliaresearch.com/counting-the-lgbt-population-6-of-europeans-identify-as-lgbt/
   Google Scholar
• D'Augelli, A. R., Pilkington, N. W., & Hershberger, S. L. (2002). Incidence and mental health impact of sexual orientation victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths in high school. School Psychology Quarterly, 17(2), 148. doi:10.1521/scpq.17.2.148.20854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilley, J. A., Simmons, K. W., Boysun, M. J., Pizacani, B. A., & Stark, M. J. (2010). Demonstrating the importance and feasibility of including sexual orientation in public health surveys: health disparities in the Pacific Northwest. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 460–467. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliason, M. (2000). Bi-negativity: The stigma facing bisexual men. Journal of Bisexuality, 1(2-3), 137–154. doi:10.1300/J159v01n02_05
   Google Scholar
• Everett, B. (2015). Sexual orientation identity change and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 56(1), 37–58. doi:10.1177/0022146514568349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairburn, C. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2003). Eating disorders. Lancet (London, England)), 361(9355), 407–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. B., & Meyer, I. H. (2007). Eating disorders in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(3), 218–226. doi:10.1002/eat.20360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, A. (2014). National trends in public opinion on LGBT rights in the United States. Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law.
   Google Scholar
• Filice, E., & Meyer, S. B. (2018). Patterns, predictors, and outcomes of mental health service utilization among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals: A scoping review. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 22(2), 162–195. doi:10.1080/19359705.2017.1418468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., & Muraco, A. (2010). Aging and sexual orientation: A 25-year review of the literature. Research on Aging, 32(3), 372–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, D. M., Lehavot, K., & Meyer, I. H. (2015). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minority individuals. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 38(1), 1–8. doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9523-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates, G. J. (2014). LGB Families, relationships: Analyses of the 2013 National Health Interview Survey. Los Angeles, CA: Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law.
   Google Scholar
• Grollman, E. A. (2012). Multiple forms of perceived discrimination and health among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(2), 199–214. doi:10.1177/0022146512444289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzanka, P. R., & Mann, E. S. (2014). Queer youth suicide and the psychopolitics of “It Gets Better”. Sexualities, 17(4), 369–393. doi:10.1177/1363460713516785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, K. M. (2011). Design features of Add Health. Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707. doi:10.1037/a0016441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348–358. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Campaign (2014). Supporting and caring for our bisexual youth. Retrieved from www.hrc.org/bi-youth www.binetusa.org/bi-youth biresource.net/othermaterials.shtml
   Google Scholar
• It Gets Better Project (IGBP). (2018). LGBTQ + and ally youth education. Retrieved from https://itgetsbetter.org/education/
   Google Scholar
• Katzman, D. K. (2005). Medical complications in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37(S1), S52–S59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keski-Rahkonen, A., & Mustelin, L. (2016). Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29(6), 340–345. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehler, D., & Menzies, N. (2017). Surveys, big data, and experiments: how can we best learn about LGBTI development outcomes? World Bank Group. Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/828531501521958802/pdf/WPS8154.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kuper, L. E., Coleman, B. R., & Mustanski, B. S. (2014). Coping with LGBT and racial–ethnic‐related stressors: A mixed‐methods study of LGBT youth of color. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(4), 703–719. doi:10.1111/jora.12079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2011). The impact of minority stress on mental health and substance use among sexual minority women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 159. doi:10.1037/a0022839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D. C., Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2017). Degrees of acceptance: Variation in public attitudes toward segments of the LGBT community. Political Research Quarterly, 70(4), 861–875. doi:10.1177/1065912917717352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., … Brent, D. A. (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques, L., Alegria, M., Becker, A. E., Chen, C. N., Fang, A., Chosak, A., & Diniz, J. B. (2011). Comparative prevalence, correlates of impairment, and service utilization for eating disorders across US ethnic groups: Implications for reducing ethnic disparities in health care access for eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 44(5), 412–420. doi:10.1002/eat.20787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Xuan, Z., & Conron, K. J. (2012). Disproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity. Child Abuse and Neglect, 36(9), 645–655. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, M. A., Morrison, T. G., & Sager, C. L. (2004). Does body satisfaction differ between gay men and lesbian women and heterosexual men and women? A meta-analytic review. Body Image, 1(2), 127–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagata, J. M., Garber, A. K., Tabler, J., Murray, S. B., & Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of disordered eating behaviors among overweight or obese young adults in the US. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 33(8), 1337–1343. doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4465-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagata, J. M., Garber, A. K., Tabler, J., Murray, S. B., & Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2018). Disordered eating behaviors among overweight/obese young adults and future cardiometabolic risk in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(2), S17–S18. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.11.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Larson, N. I., Eisenberg, M. E., & Loth, K. (2011). Dieting and disordered eating behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 111(7), 1004–1011. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Story, M., & Standish, A. R. (2012). Dieting and unhealthy weight control behaviors during adolescence: Associations with 10-year changes in Body Mass Index. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(1), 80–86. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, D. E., Lynn, R., & Viner, R. M. (2011). Childhood eating disorders: British National Surveillance Study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(04), 295–301. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.081356
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norris, M. L., Apsimon, M., Harrison, M., Obeid, N., Buchholz, A., Henderson, K. A., & Spettigue, W. (2012). An examination of medical and psychological morbidity in adolescent males with eating disorders. Eating Disorders. 20(5), 405–415. doi:10.1080/10640266.2012.715520
   Google Scholar
• Piran, N., & Robinson, S. R. (2011). Patterns of associations between eating disordered behaviors and substance use in two non-clinical samples: a university and a community based sample. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(7), 1027–1037. doi:10.1177/1359105311398681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preti, A., Rocchi, M. B. L., Sisti, D., Camboni, M. V., & Miotto, P. (2011). A comprehensive meta-analysis of the risk of suicide in eating disorders . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(1), 6–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polivy, J., & Herman, P. C. (2002). Causes of eating disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 187–213. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Rust, P. (2002). Bisexuality: The state of the union. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 180–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., & Eady, A. (2010). Perceived determinants of mental health for bisexual people: A qualitative examination. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 496–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 465–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saewyc, E. M. (2011). Research on adolescent sexual orientation: Development, health disparities, stigma, and resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 256–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, M., Richards, C. S., & Bleckley, M. K. (2007). Comorbidity between depression and disordered eating in adolescents. Eating Behaviors, 8(4), 440–449.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scherrer, K. S., Kazyak, E., & Schmitz, R. (2015). Getting “bi” in the family: Bisexual people's disclosure experiences. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(3), 680–696. doi:10.1111/jomf.12190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, R. M., Sanchez, J., & Lopez, B. (2018). LGBTQ + Latinx young adults’ health autonomy in resisting cultural stigma. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 1–15. doi:10.1080/13691058.2018.1441443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siconolfi, D., Halkitis, P. N., Allomong, T. W., & Burton, C. L. (2009). Body dissatisfaction and eating disorders in a sample of gay and bisexual men. International Journal of Men's Health, 8(3), 254. doi:10.3149/jmh.0803.254
   Google Scholar
• Siever, M. D. (1994). Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 252. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.2.252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smink, F. R., Van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406–414. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen, E. M., Rose, J. S., Kenney, L., Rosselli-Navarra, F., & Striegel-Weissman, R. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of unhealthy weight control behaviors: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Eating Disorders, 2(1), 16. doi:10.1186/2050-2974-2-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Striegel-Moore, R. H., Tucker, N., & Hsu, J. (1990). Body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating in lesbian college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 9(5), 493–500. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(199009)9:5<493::AID-EAT2260090504>3.0.CO;2-C
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong, S. M., Williamson, D. A., Netemeyer, R. G., & Geer, J. H. (2000). Eating disorder symptoms and concerns about body differ as a function of gender and sexual orientation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(2), 240–255. doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.2.240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, S. A., Crow, S. J., Le Grange, D., Swendsen, J., & Merikangas, K. R. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 714–723. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabler, J., & Geist, C. (2016). Young women with eating disorders or disordered eating behaviors: Delinquency, risky sexual behaviors, and number of children in early adulthood. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 2 2378023116648706.
   Google Scholar
• Tabler, J., & Utz, R. L. (2015). The influence of adolescent eating disorders or disordered eating behaviors on socioeconomic achievement in early adulthood. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), 622–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma, B. C., & Huebner, D. M. (2013). Health consequences of racist and antigay discrimination for multiple minority adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 19(4), 404. doi:10.1037/a0031739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toomey, R. B., Huynh, V. W., Jones, S. K., Lee, S., & Revels-Macalinao, M. (2017). Sexual minority youth of color: A content analysis and critical review of the literature. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 21(1), 3–31. doi:10.1080/19359705.2016.1217499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A., & Russell, S. T. (2010). Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: school victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1580. doi:10.1037/a0020705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpp, S. Y. (2010). What about the “B” in LGB: Are bisexual women's mental health issues same or different?. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 14(1), 41–51. doi:10.1080/19359700903416016
   Google Scholar
• Watson, L. B., Grotewiel, M., Farrell, M., Marshik, J., & Schneider, M. (2015). Experiences of sexual objectification, minority stress, and disordered eating among sexual minority women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(4), 458–470. doi:10.1177/0361684315575024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (1997). Wheaton, B., & Gotlib, I. H. (Eds.) Trajectories and turning points over the life course: Concepts and themes. In Stress and Adversity Over the Life Course: Trajectories and Turning Points (pp. 1–25). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wills, T. A. (1986). Stress, coping, and tobacco and alcohol use in early adolescence. Coping and Substance Use, 67–94.
   Google Scholar
• Wonderlich-Tierney, A. L., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The effects of social support and coping on the relationship between social anxiety and eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 11(2), 85–91. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, Z., Hardaway, J. A., & Bulik, C. M. (2015). Genetics and epigenetics of eating disorders. Advances in Genomics and Genetics, 5, 131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zinn, M. B., Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., Messner, M. A., & Denissen, A. M. (2015). Gender through the prism of difference. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar