References
- Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
- Alessi, E. J., Dillon, F. R., & van der Horn, R. (2019). The therapeutic relationship mediates the association between affirmative practice and psychological well-being among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer clients. Psychotherapy, 56(2), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000210
- Allen, J. L., & Mowbray, O. (2016). Sexual orientation, treatment utilization, and barriers for alcohol related problems: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 161, 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.025
- Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood. The winding road from late teens thrpugh the twenties. Oxford University Press.
- Arnett, J. J. (2014). The emergence of emerging adulthood: A personal history. Emerging Adulthood, 2(3), 155–162.https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814541096
- Balsam, K. F., Beadnell, B., & Molina, Y. (2013). The Daily Heterosexist Experiences Questionnaire - Measuring minority stress among LGBT adults. Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development, 46(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175612449743
- Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, G., Bjarehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x
- Bradford, J. B., Ryan, C., & Rothblum, E. (1994). National Lesbian Health Care Survey: Implications for mental health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.62.2.228
- Bryan, A. E. B., Kim, H., Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Bryan, A. E. B., Kim, H., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. (2017). Factors associated with high-risk alcohol consumption among LGB older adults: The roles of gender, social support, perceived stress, discrimination, and stigma. The Gerontologist, 57(suppl 1), S95–S104. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw100
- Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393980
- Burgard, S. A., Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2005). Alcohol and tobacco use patterns among heterosexually and homosexually experienced California women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77(1), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.007
- Charak, R., Byllesby, B. M., Fowler, J. C., Sharp, C., Elhai, J. D., & Frueh, B. C. (2019a). Assessment of the revised Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales among adolescents and adults with severe mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 279, 278–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.010
- Charak, R., Villarreal, L., Schmitz, R. M., Hirai, M., & Ford, J. D. (2019b). Patterns of childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence, emotion dysregulation, and mental health symptoms among lesbian, gay, and bisexual emerging adults: A three-step latent class approach. Child Abuse & Neglect, 89, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.007
- Coker, T. R., Austin, S. B., & Schuster, M. A. (2010). The health and health care of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103636
- Correro, A. N., II, & Nielson, K. A. (2020). A review of minority stress as a risk factor for cognitive decline in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) elders. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 24(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2019.1644570
- Coulter, R. W. S., Jun, H., Calzo, J. P., Truong, N. L., Mair, C., Markovic, N., Charlton, B. M., Silvestre, A. J., Stall, R., & Corliss, H. L. (2018). Sexual-orientation differences in alcohol use trajectories and disorders in emerging adulthood: Results from a longitudinal cohort study in the United States. Addiction, 113(9), 1619–1632. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14251
- Craig, S. L., & McInroy, L. (2014). You can form a part of yourself online: The influence of new media on identity development and coming out for LGBTQ youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 18(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2013.777007
- Dorn-Medeiros, C. M., & Doyle, C. (2018). Alcohol as coping: Internalized homophobia and heterosexism’s role in alcohol use among Lesbians. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 12(3), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2018.1488230
- Dyar, C., Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2019). Longitudinal associations between minority stressors and substance use among sexual and gender minority individuals. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 201, 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.032
- Esser, M. B., Hedden, S. L., Kanny, D., Brewer, R. D., Gfroerer, J. C., & Naimi, T. S. (2014). Prevalence of alcohol dependence among US adult drinkers, 2009–2011. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd11.140329
- Feinstein, B. A., Dyar, C., Li, D. H., Whitton, S. W., Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2019). The longitudinal associations between outness and health outcomes among gay/lesbian versus bisexual emerging adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(4), 1111–1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1221-8
- Feinstein, B. A., Dyar, C., & London, B. (2017). Are outness and community involvement risk or protective factors for alcohol and drug abuse among sexual minority women? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1411–1423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0790-7
- Feinstein, B. A., & Newcomb, M. E. (2016). The role of substance use motives in the associations between minority stressors and substance use problems among young men who have sex with men. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 357–366.https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000185
- Fowler, J. C., Charak, R., Elhai, J. D., Allen, J. G., Frueh, B. C., & Oldham, J. M. (2014). Construct validity and factor structure of the difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale among adults with severe mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 58, 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.029
- Goldbach, J. T., Tanner-Smith, E. E., Bagwell, M., & Dunlap, S. (2014). Minority stress and substance use in sexual minority adolescents: A meta-analysis. Prevention Science : The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 15(3), 350–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0393-7
- Gonzales, G., Przedworski, J., & Henning-Smith, C. (2016). Comparison of health and health risk factors between lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults and heterosexual adults in the United States: Results from the national health interview survey. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(9), 1344–1351. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.3432
- Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
- Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotion regulation in adulthood: Timing is everything. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(6), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00152
- Gruskin, E. P., Hart, S., Gordon, N., & Ackerson, L. (2001). Patterns of cigarette smoking and alcohol use among lesbians and bisexual women enrolled in a large health maintenance organization. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 976–979.
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016441
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Corbin, W. R., & Fromme, K. (2011). Discrimination and alcohol-related problems among college students: A prospective examination of mediating effects. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(3), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.002
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Dovidio, J. (2009). How does stigma ‘“get under the skin”’? The mediating role of emotion regulation. Psychological Science, 20(10), 1282–1289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016). Stigma and minority stress as social determinants of health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: Research evidence and clinical implications. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(6), 985–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.003
- Huebner, D. M., & Davis, M. C. (2005). Gay and bisexual men who disclose their sexual orientations in the workplace have higher workday levels of salivary cortisol and negative affect. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30(3), 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3003_10
- Hughes, T. (2011). Alchol use and alcohol-related problems among sexual minority women. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 29(4), 403–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2011.608336
- Juster, R. P., Smith, N. G., Ouellet, É., Sindi, S., & Lupien, S. J. (2013). Sexual orientation and disclosure in relation to psychiatric symptoms, diurnal cortisol, and allostatic load. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75, 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182826881
- Kanny, D., Naimi, T. S., Liu, Y., Lu, H., & Brewer, R. D. (2018). Annual total binge drinks consumed by U.S. adults, 2015. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(4), 486–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.12.021
- Kelly, J., Davis, C., & Schlesinger, C. (2015). Substance use by same sex attracted young people: Prevalence, perceptions and homophobia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(4), 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12158
- Khantzian, E. J. (1997). The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4(5), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229709030550
- King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
- Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Bartkiewicz, M. J., Boesen, M. J., & Palmer, N. A. (2012). The 2011 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation’s schools.
- Lee, J. H., Gamarel, K. E., Bryant, K. J., Zaller, N. D., & Operario, D. (2016). Discrimination, mental health, and substance use disorders among sexual minority populations. LGBT Health, 3(4), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0135
- Lewis, R. J., Mason, T. B., Winstead, B. A., Gaskins, M., & Irons, L. B. (2016). Pathways to hazardous drinking among racially and socioeconomically diverse lesbian women: Sexual minority stress, rumination, social isolation, and drinking to cope. Psychology of Women Quarterly , 40(4), 564–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316662603
- Link, B., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2016). Stigma as an unrecognized determinant of population health: Research and policy implications. Journal of Health Polictics, Policy and Law, 41(4), 653–673. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-3620869
- Livingston, N. A., Christianson, N., & Cochran, B. N. (2016). Minority stress, psychological distress, and alcohol misuse among sexual minority young adults: A resiliency-based conditional process analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 63, 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.07.011
- Macapagal, K., Bhatia, R., & Greene, G. J. (2016). Differences in healthcare access, use, and experiences within a community sample of racially diverse lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning emerging adults. LGBT Health, 3(6), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2015.0124
- Mackinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling method. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
- Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2001). Mental health correlates of perceived discrimination among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 91(11), 1869–1876. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1869
- McCabe, S. E., Bostwick, W. B., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2010). The relationship between discrimination and substance use disorders among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1946–1952. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163147
- McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Hilt, L. M. (2009). Emotion dysregulation as a mechanism linking peer victimization to internalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(5), 894–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015760
- McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(9), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003
- Meidlinger, P. C., & Hope, D. A. (2014). Differentiating disclosure and concealment in measurement of outness for sexual minorities: The Nebraska Outness Scale. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000080
- Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
- Meyer, I. H., Schwartz, S., & Frost, D. M. (2008). Social patterning of stress and coping: Does disadvantaged social statuses confer more stress and fewer coping resources? Social Science & Medicine (1982)), 67(3), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.012
- Miguel, F. K., Giromini, L., Colombarolli, S., Zuanazzi, A. C., & Zennaro, A. (2017). A Brazilian investigation of the 36- and 16-item difficulties in emotion regulation scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(9), 1146–1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22404
- Morris, J. F., Waldo, C. R., & Rothblum, E. D. (2001). A model of predictors and outcomes of outness among lesbian and bisexual women. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.71.1.61
- Ngamake, S. T., Walch, S. E., & Raveepatarakul, J. (2016). Discrimination and sexual minority mental health: Mediation and moderation effects of coping. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000163
- Orne, J. (2011). You will always have to “out” yourself’: Reconsidering coming out through strategic outness. Sexualities, 14(6), 681–703. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460711420462
- Pachankis, J. E., Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2015). The mental health of sexual minority adults in and out of the closet: A population-based study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(5), 890–901. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000047
- Pachankis, J. E., Rendina, J. H., Restar, A., Ventuneac, A., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2015). A minority stress-emotion regulation model of sexual compulsivity among highly sexually active gay and bisexual men. Health Psychology : Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 34(8), 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000180
- Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.3.879
- Puckett, J. A., & Levitt, H. M. (2015). Internalized stigma within sexual and gender minorities: Change strategies and clinical implications. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 9(4), 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2015.1112336
- Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., Black, W. W., & Rosenkrantz, D. E. (2017). Outness, concealment, and authenticity: Associations with LGB individuals’ psychological distress and well-being. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000202
- Rogers, A. H., Seager, I., Haines, N., Hahn, H., Aldao, A., & Ahn, W. (2017). The indirect effect of emotion regulation on minority stress and problematic substance Use in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1881. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01881
- Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2009). Disclosure of sexual orientation and subsequent substance use and abuse among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: Critical role of disclosure reactions. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 23(1), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014284
- Russell, S. T., Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., & Diaz, R. M. (2014). Being out at school: The implications for school victimization and young adult adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(6), 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000037
- Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., Grant, M., & Saunders, J. B. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol Consumption-II. Addiction (Abingdon, England)), 88(6), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
- Schmitz, R. M., Robinson, B. A., Tabler, J., Welch, B., & Rafaqut, S. (2020). LGBTQ + Latino/a young people’s interpretations of stigma and mental health: An intersectional minority stress perspective. Society and Mental Health, 10(2), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869319847248
- Schmitz, R. M., & Tyler, K. A. (2018a). Contextual constraints and choices: Strategic identity management among LGBTQ youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 15(3), 212–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2018.1466754
- Schmitz, R. M., & Tyler, K. A. (2018b). LGBTQ + young adults on the street and on campus: Identity as a product of social context. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(2), 197–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1314162
- Schmitz, R. M., & Tyler, K. A. (2019). Life has actually become more clear’: An examination of resilience among LGBTQ young adults. Sexualities, 22(4), 710–733. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460718770451
- Shadur, J. M., & Lejuez, C. W. (2015). Adolescent substance use and comorbid psychopathology: Emotion regulation deficits as a transdiagnostic risk factor. Current Addiction Reports, 2(4), 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0070-y
- Shapiro, D. N., Chandler, J., & Mueller, P. A. (2013). Using Mechanical Turk to study clinical populations. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(2), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702612469015
- Swim, J. K., Johnston, K., & Pearson, N. B. (2009). Daily experiences with heterosexism: Relations between heterosexist hassles and psychological well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(5), 597–629. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.5.597
- Szymanski, D. M. (2009). Examining potential moderators of the link between heterosexist events and gay and bisexual men’s psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.56.1.142
- Szymanski, D. M., & Mikorski, R. (2016). External and internalized heterosexism, meaning in life, and psychological distress. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000182
- Thomas, K. A., & Clifford, S. (2017). Validity and Mechanical Turk: An assessment of exclusion methods and interactive experiments. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.038
- Tice, D. M., Bratslavsky, E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2001). Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: If you feel bad, do it! Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.53
- Veilleux, J. C., Skinner, K. D., Reese, E. D., & Shaver, J. A. (2014). Negative affect intensity influences drinking to cope through facets of emotion dysregulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.012
- Velez, B. L., & Moradi, B. (2016). A moderated mediation test of minority stress. The Counseling Psychologist, 44(8), 1132–1157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000016665467
- Walters, K., Christakis, D. A., & Wright, D. R. (2018). Are Mechanical Turk worker samples representative of health status and health behaviors in the U.S.? PLoS One, 13(6), e0198835. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198835
- Williams, T., Connolly, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2005). Peer victimization, social support, and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-7264-x
- Wilsnack, S. C., Hughes, T. L., Johnson, T. P., Bostwick, W. B., Szalacha, L. A., Benson, P., Aranda, F., & Kinnison, K. E. (2008). Drinking and drinking-related problems among heterosexual and sexual minority women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(1), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.129