Affirmation of LGBTQ+ healthcare providers: A dynamic process, requiring ongoing education and training

References

• Austin, S. B., Nelson, L. A., Birkett, M. A., Calzo, J. P., & Everett, B. (2013). Eating disorder symptoms and obesity at the intersections of gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation in US high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 103(2), e16–e22. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ayhan, C. H. B., Bilgin, H., Uluman, O. T., Sukut, O., Yilmaz, S., & Buzlu, S. (2020). A systematic review of the discrimination against sexual and gender minority in health care settings. International Journal of Health Services, 50(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020731419885093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidell, M. P. (2017). The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Development of Clinical Skills Scale (LGBT-DOCSS): Establishing a new interdisciplinary self-assessment for health providers. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(10), 1432–1460. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1321389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, L. S., Reisner, S. L., Findling, M. G., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Health Services Research, 54(S2), 1454–1466. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13229
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales, G., & Henning‐Smith, C. (2017). Barriers to care among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. The Milbank Quarterly, 95(4), 726–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorczynski, P., & Fasoli, F. (2020). LGBTQ+ focused mental health research strategy in response to COVID-19. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(8), e56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30300-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, S., Horne, M., Hills, R., & Kendall, E. (2018). Cultural competence in healthcare in the community: A concept analysis. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(4), 590–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heslin, K. C., & Hall, J. E. (2021). Sexual orientation disparities in risk factors for adverse COVID-19–related outcomes, by race/ethnicity—Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2017–2019. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(5), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7005a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M., Cooper, R. L., Ramesh, A., Tabatabai, M., Arcury, T. A., Shinn, M., Im, W., Juarez, P., & Matthews-Juarez, P. (2019). Training to reduce LGBTQ-related bias among medical, nursing, and dental students and providers: A systematic review. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1727-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. (2020). A national survey of US psychiatry residents’ LGBT cultural competency: The importance of LGBT patient exposure and formal education. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 24(4), 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2020.1774848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z. (2021). Development, implementation, and effectiveness of a self-sustaining, web-based LGBTQ+ national platform: A framework for centralizing local health care resources and culturally competent providers. JMIR Formative Research, 5(9), e17913. https://doi.org/10.2196/17913
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z. (2022a). Evaluation of the three national lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+)-competent provider directories in the United States. Journal of Homosexuality, advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2040930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z. (2022b). US plastic surgery residents’ LGBTQ+ education, patient exposure, and cultural competency. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-022-02939-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z., Garcia-Dehbozorgi, S., & Cortez, J. L. (2022). The current state of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender cultural competency among U.S. dermatology residents. International Journal of Women’s Dermatology, 8(3), e030. https://doi.org/10.1097/JW9.0000000000000030
   Google Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z., & Patel, A. U. (2020). How much is needed? Patient exposure and curricular education on medical students’ LGBT cultural competency. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 490. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02381-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z., & Patel, A. U. (2021). LGBT cultural competency, patient exposure, and curricular education among student pharmacists. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 61(4), 462–469.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2021.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z., Patel, A. U., & Fang, R. C. (2020). A multicenter, multidisciplinary evaluation of 1701 healthcare professional students’ LGBT cultural competency: Comparisons between dental, medical, occupational therapy, pharmacy, physical therapy, physician assistant, and social work students. Plos One, 15(8), e0237670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237670
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z., & Sewell, D. D. (2021). Assessing the LGBT cultural competency of dementia care providers. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 7(1), e12137. https://doi.org/10.1002/trc2.12137
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nowaskie, D. Z., & Sowinski, J. S. (2019). Primary care providers’ attitudes, practices, and knowledge in treating LGBTQ communities. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(13), 1927–1947. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1519304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, A. U., & Moyer, J. S. (2022). An assessment of LGBTQ+ cultural competency and attitudes of US otolaryngologists. OTO Open, 6(3), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2473974X221126167
   Google Scholar
• Pratt-Chapman, M. L., & Phillips, S. (2020). Health professional student preparedness to care for sexual and gender minorities: Efficacy of an elective interprofessional educational intervention. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 34(3), 418–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820.2019.1665502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, S. T., & Fish, J. N. (2016). Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12(1), 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seay, J., Hicks, A., Markham, M. J., Schlumbrecht, M., Bowman-Curci, M., Woodard, J., Duarte, L. F., Quinn, G. P., & Schabath, M. B. (2020). Web‐based LGBT cultural competency training intervention for oncologists: Pilot study results. Cancer, 126(1), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkerson, J. M., Rybicki, S., Barber, C. A., & Smolenski, D. J. (2011). Creating a culturally competent clinical environment for LGBT patients. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 23(3), 376–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2011.589254
   Google Scholar