Emotional Reactions, Peritraumatic Dissociation, and Posttraumatic Stress Reactions in Adolescents

References

• Ackerman , P. T. , Newton , J. E. O. , McPherson , W. B. , Jones , J. G. and Dykman , R. A. 1998 . Prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric diagnoses in three groups of abused children . Child Abuse and Neglect , 22 : 759 – 774 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajdukovic , M. 1998 . Displaced adolescents in Croatia: Sources of stress and posttraumatic stress reactions . Adolescence , 33 : 209 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Birmes , P. , Carreras , D. , Charlet , J. P. , Warner , B. A. , Lauque , D. and Schmitt , L. 2001 . Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of violent assault . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 189 : 796 – 798 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin , C. R. , Andrews , B. and Rose , S. 2000 . Fear, helplessness, and horror in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Investigating DSM-IV Criterion A2 in victims of violent crime . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 13 : 499 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere , J. , Johnson , K. , Bissada , A. , Damon , L. , Crouch , J. Gil , E. 2001 . The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC): Reliability and association with abuse exposure in a multi-site study . Child Abuse and Neglect , 25 : 1001 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly , D. , McClowry , S. , Hayman , L. , Mahony , L. and Artman , M. 2004 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in children after cardiac surgery . The Journal of Pediatrics , 144 : 480 – 484 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries , A. P. J. , Kassam-Adams , N. , Cnaan , A. , Sherman-Slate , E. , Gallagher , P. R. and Winston , F. K. 1999 . Looking beyond the physical injury: Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and parents after pediatric traffic injury . Pediatrics , 104 : 1293 – 1299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers , A. , Mayou , R. A. and Bryant , B. 2003 . Cognitive predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in children: Results of a prospective longitudinal study . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , A. , Stores , G. and Mayou , R. 1998 . Psychological consequences of road traffic accidents in children . European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 7 : 761 – 768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhard , I. M. , Van den Hout , M. A. , Kindt , M. , Arntz , A. and Schouten , E. 2003 . Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress after pregnancy loss: A prospective study . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 41 : 67 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fein , J. A. , Kassam-Adams , N. , Vu , T. and Datner , E. M. 2001 . Emergency department evaluation of acute stress disorder symptoms in violently injured youths . Annals of Emergency Medicine , 38 : 391 – 396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman , S. A. , Brandes , D. , Peri , T. and Shalev , A. 1999 . Predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder . British Journal of Psychiatry , 174 : 353 – 359 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goenjian , A. K. , Molina , L. , Steinberg , A. M. , Fairbanks , L. A. , Alvarez , M. L. Goenjian , H. A . 2001 . Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after hurricane Mitch . American Journal of Psychiatry , 158 : 788 – 794 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , B. L. , Korol , M. , Grace , M. C. , Vary , M. J. , Leonard , A. C. Gleser , G. C. 1991 . Children and disaster: age, gender, and parental effects on PTSD symptoms . Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 30 : 945 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holen , A. 1993 . “ The North Sea oil rig disaster ” . In International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes , Edited by: Wilson , J. P. and Raphael , B. 405 – 525 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Holeva , V. and Tarrier , N. 2001 . Personality and peritraumatic dissociation in the prediction of PTSD in victims of road traffic accidents . Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 51 : 687 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janet , P. 1932 . La force et la faiblesse psychologiques , Paris : Maloine . [English translation].
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , D. M. , Pike , J. L. and Chard , K. M. 2001 . Factors predicting PTSD, depression, and dissociative severity in female treatment-seeking childhood sexual abuse survivors . Child Abuse & Neglect , 25 : 179 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplow , J. B. , Dodge , K. A. , Amaya-Jackson , L. and Saxe , G. N. 2005 . Pathways to PTSD, Part II: Sexually abused children . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 1305 – 1310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassam-Adams , N. and Winston , F. K. 2004 . Predicting child PTSD: the relationship between acute stress disorder and PTSD in injured children . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 : 403 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick , D. G. , Ruggiero , K. J. , Acierno , R. , Saunders , B. E. , Resnick , H. S. and Best , C. L. 2003 . Violence and risk of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse/dependence, and comorbidity: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 71 : 692 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , L. A. , King , D. W. , Erickson , D. J. , Huang , M. T. , Sharkansky , E. J. and Wolfe , J. 2002 . Posttraumatic stress disorder and retrospectively reported stressor exposure: A longitudinal prediction model . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 : 624 – 633 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopman , C. , Classen , C. and Spiegel , D. 1994 . Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms among survivors of the Oakland/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 888 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macksoud , M. S. and Aber , J. L. 1996 . The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon . Child Development , 67 : 70 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmar , C. R. , Weiss , D. S. , Metzler , T. J. , Delucchi , K. , Best , S. R. and Wentworth , K. A. 1999 . Longitudinal course and predictors of continuing distress following critical incident exposure in emergency services personnel . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 187 : 15 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmar , C. R. , Weiss , D. S. , Metzler , T. J. , Ronfeldt , H. M. and Foreman , C. 1996 . Stress responses of emergency service personnel to the Loma Prieta earthquake Interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 9 : 63 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmar , C. R. , Weiss , D. S. , Schlenger , W. E. , Fairbank , J. A. , Jordan , K. Kulka , R. A. 1994 . Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 902 – 907 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , G. N. and Schell , T. L. 2002 . Reappraising the link between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD symptom severity: Evidence from a longitudinal study of community violence survivors . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 111 : 626 – 636 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon , R. D. V. , Resick , P. A. and Griffin , M. G. 2002 . Panic following trauma: The etiology of acute posttraumatic arousal . Anxiety Disorders , 18 : 193 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , B. , Nixon , S. J. , Krug , R. S. , Tivis , R. D. , Moore , V. L. Brown , J. M. 1999 . Clinical needs assessment of middle and high school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 1069 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 1993 . Dissociative disorders in children: Behavioral profiles and problems . Child Abuse and Neglect , 17 : 39 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos , R. S. , Frederick , C. , Nader , K. , Arroyo , W. , Steinberg , A. Eth , S. 1987 . Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children . Archives of General Psychiatry , 44 : 1057 – 1063 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos , R. S. , Goenjian , A. , Tashjian , M. , Karakashian , M. , Manjikian , R. and Manoukian , G. 1993 . Post-traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian earthquake . British Journal of Psychiatry , 163 : 239 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos , R. S. and Nader , K. 1989 . Children's memory and proximity to violence . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 28 : 235 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos , R. S. , Steinberg , A. M. and Aronsen , L. 1997 . “ Traumatic experiences: The early organization of memory in school-age children and adolescents ” . In Trauma and memory: Clinical and legal controversies , Edited by: Appelbaum , P. , Elin , M. and Uyehara , L. 272 – 289 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richters , J. E. and Saltzman , W. R. 1989 . Survey of children's exposure to community violence , Bethesda, MD : National Institute of Mental Health .
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , N. The validation of a youth trauma exposure/PTSD self-report assessment instrument package . Paper presented at the International Research Conference of the Family Research Laboratory . Portsmouth, NH. July .
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , N. , Steinberg , A. M. , Saltzman , W. S. and Pynoos , R. S. Youth PTSD assessment: Psychometric investigation of PTSD self-report instruments . Symposium conducted at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies . New Orleans, LA. PTSD Index: Psychometric analysis of the Adolescent Version , December . In N. Rodriguez (Chair)
   Google Scholar
• Saxe , G. N. , Stoddard , F. , Hall , E. , Chawla , N. , Lopez , C. Sheridan , R. 2005 . Pathways to PTSD, Part I: Children with burns . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 1299 – 1304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon , K. and Bryant , R. A. 2002 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: The influence of developmental factors . Clinical Psychology Review , 22 : 163 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltzman , W. R. , Layne , C. M. and Steinberg , A. M. 1998 . Community Violence Exposure Survey (CVES) , Los Angeles : University of California . Unpublished psychological test,
   Google Scholar
• Shalev , D. Y. , Freedman , S. , Peri , T. , Brandes , D. , Sahar , T. Orr , S. P. 1998 . Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma . American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 630 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallard , P. , Velleman , R. and Baldwin , S. 1998 . Prospective study of post-traumatic stress disorder in children involved in road traffic accidents . British Medical Journal , 317 : 1619 – 1623 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg , A. M. , Brymer , M. , Decker , K. and Pynoos , R. S. 2004 . The UCLA PTSD Reaction Index . Current Psychiatry Reports , 6 : 96 – 100 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ursano , R. J. , Fullerton , C. S. , Epstein , R. S. , Crowley , B. , Vance , K. Kao , T. C. 1999 . Peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents . American Journal of Psychiatry , 156 : 1808 – 1810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatzick , D. , Grossman , D. C. , Russo , J. , Pynoos , R. , Berliner , L. Jurkovich , G. 2006 . Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms longitudinally in a representative sample of hospitalized injured adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 45 : 1188 – 1195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar