References
- Aiken , L. S. and West , S. G. 1991 . Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Allison , K. W. , Burton , L. , Marshall , S. , Perez-Febles , A. , Yarrington , J. Kirsh , L. B. 1999 . Life experiences among urban adolescents: Examining the role of context . Child Development , 70 : 1017 – 1029 .
- Amaya-Jackson , L. and March , J. 1995 . “ Posttraumatic stress disorder ” . In Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents , Edited by: March , J. S. 276 – 300 . New York : Guilford Press .
- American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . 1998 . Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 37 : 997 – 1001 .
- American Psychiatric Association . 1987 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 3rd , Washington, DC : Author .
- American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( Text revision) , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
- Armsworth , M. W. and Holaday , M. 1993 . The effects of psychological trauma on children and adolescents . Journal of Counseling and Development , 72 : 49 – 56 .
- Baldwin , A. L. , Baldwin , C. and Cole , R. E. 1990 . “ Stress-resistant families and stress resistant children ” . In Risk and protective factors in the development of psycho-pathology , Edited by: Rolf , J. , Master , A. S. , Cicchett , D. , Neuhterlein , K. H. and Weintraub , S. 257 – 280 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Brewin , C. R. and Holmes , E. A. 2003 . Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder . Clinical Psychology Review , 23 : 339 – 376 .
- Briere , J. 1996 . Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
- Calderoni , M. E. , Alderman , E. M. , Silver , E. J. and Bauman , L. J. 2006 . The mental health impact of 9/11 on inner-city high school students 20 miles north of ground zero . Journal of Adolescent Health , 39 : 57 – 65 .
- Carrion , V. G. , Weems , C. F. , Ray , R. and Reiss , A. L. 2002 . Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: The phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 41 : 166 – 173 .
- Cicchetti , D. , Ackerman , B. P. and Izard , C. E. 1995 . Emotions and emotion regulation in developmental psychopathology . Development and Psychopathology , 7 : 1 – 10 .
- Cooley-Quille , M. , Boyd , R. C. , Frantz , E. and Walsh , J. 2001 . Emotional and behavioral impact of exposure to community violence in inner-city adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 30 : 199 – 206 .
- Cooley-Quille , M. and Lorion , R. 1999 . Adolescents' exposure to community violence: Sleep and psychophysiological functioning . Journal of Community Psychology , 27 : 367 – 375 .
- Csikszentmihalyi , M. and Larson , R. W. 1987 . The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 175 : 526 – 536 .
- Davis , L. and Siegel , L. J. 2000 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: A review and analysis . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 3 : 135 – 154 .
- Dempsey , M. 2002 . Negative coping as mediator in the relation between violence and outcomes: Inner-city African American youth . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 72 : 102 – 109 .
- Dempsey , M. , Overstreet , S. and Moely , B. 2000 . “Approach” and “avoidance” coping and PTSD symptoms in inner-city youth . Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social , 19 : 28 – 45 .
- Fitzpatrick , K. M. and Boldizar , J. P. 1993 . The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African-American youth . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 32 : 424 – 430 .
- Foa , E. B. , Johnson , K. M. , Feeny , N. C. and Treadwell , K. R. H. 2001 . The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: A preliminary examination of its psychometric properties . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 30 : 376 – 384 .
- Foa , E. B. and Riggs , D. S. 1995 . Posttraumatic stress disorder following assault: Theoretical considerations and empirical findings . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 4 : 61 – 65 .
- Foster , J. D. , Kupermine , G. P. and Price , A. W. 2004 . Gender differences in posttraumatic stress and related symptoms among inner-city minority youth exposed to community violence . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 33 : 59 – 69 .
- Giaconia , R. M. , Reinherz , H. Z. , Silverman , A. B. , Pakiz , B. , Frost , A. K. and Cohen , E. 1995 . Traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community population of older adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 34 : 1369 – 1380 .
- Hammack , P. L. , Richards , M. H. , Luo , A. , Edlynn , E. S. and Roy , K. 2004 . Social support factors as moderators of community violence exposure among inner-city African American young adolescents . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 : 450 – 462 .
- Holmbeck , G. 2002 . Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 27 : 87 – 96 .
- Hill , H. M. and Madhere , S. 1996 . Exposure to community violence and African American children: A multidimensional model of risks and resources . Journal of Community Psychology , 24 : 26 – 43 .
- La Greca , A. M. , Silverman , W. K. , Vernberg , E. M. and Prinstein , M. J. 1996 . Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in children after Hurricane Andrew: A prospective study . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 64 : 712 – 723 .
- Mash , E. J. and Dozois , D. J. A. 2003 . “ Child psychopathology: A developmental-systems perspective ” . In Child psychopathology , Edited by: Mash , E. J. and Barkley , R. A. 3 – 71 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Masten , A. S. and Coatsworth , J. D. 1998 . The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments . American Psychologist , 53 : 205 – 220 .
- Mazza , J. J. and Reynolds , W. M. 1999 . Exposure to violence in young inner-city adolescents: Relationships with suicidal ideation, depression, and PTSD symptomatology . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 27 : 203 – 213 .
- Ozer , E. J. , Richards , M. H. and Kliewer , W. 2004 . Introduction to the special section on protective factors in the relation between community violence exposure and adjustment in youth . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 33 : 434 – 438 .
- Perry , B. D. 1994 . “ Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: Posttraumatic stress disorders in children. In (Ed.) ” . In Catecholamine function in posttraumatic stress disorder: Emerging concepts , Edited by: Murburg , M. M. 233 – 254 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
- Pfefferbaum , B. 1997 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: A review of the past 10 years . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 1503 – 1511 .
- Richters , J. E. and Martinez , P. E. 1993 . Violent communities, family choices, and children's chances: An algorithm for improving the odds . Development and Psychopathology , 5 : 609 – 627 .
- Roberts , M. C. , Carlson , C. I. , Erickson , M. T. , Friedman , R. M. , La Greca , A. M. Lemanak , K. L. 1998 . A model for training psychologists to provide services for children and adolescents . Professional Psychology: Research and Practice , 29 : 293 – 299 .
- Ross , R. J. , Ball , W. A. , Sullivan , K. A. and Caroff , S. N. 1989 . Sleep disturbances as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 697 – 707 .
- Sauter , J. and Franklin , C. 1998 . Assessing post-traumatic stress disorder in children: Diagnostic and measurement strategies . Research on Social Work Practice , 8 : 251 – 270 .
- Springer , C. and Padgett , D. K. 2000 . Gender differences in young adolescents' exposure to violence and rates of PTSD symptomatology . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 70 : 370 – 379 .
- Stein , B. D. , Jaycox , L. H. , Kataoka , S. , Rhodes , H. J. and Vestal , K. D. 2003 . Prevalence of child and adolescent exposure to community violence . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 6 : 247 – 264 .
- Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2001 . Multivariate statistics , 4th , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
- Terr , L. 1991 . Childhood and traumas: An outline and overview . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 10 – 20 .