Exposure of Children to War and Terrorism: A Review

References

• Achenbach , T. M. and Edelbrock , C. S. 1981 . Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 46 ( 1, Serial No. 188 ) : 1 – 82 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alkhatib , A. , Regan , J. and Barrett , D. 2007 . The silent victims: Effects of war and terrorism on child development . Psychiatric Annals , 37 : 586 – 589 .
   Google Scholar
• Aronson , S. 2005 . “A war that had come right to them”: Group work with traumatized adolescents following September 11 . International Journal of Group Psychotherapy , 55 : 375 – 390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvidson , J. , Kinniburgh , K. , Howard , K. , Spinazzola , J. , Strothers , H. Evans , M. 2011 . Treatment of complex trauma in young children: Developmental and cultural considerations in application of the ARC intervention model . Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma , 4 ( 1 ) : 34 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Barath , A. 2002 . Psychological status of Sarajevo children after war: 1999–2000 survey . Croatian Medical Journal , 43 : 213 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barenbaum , J. , Ruchkin , V. and Schwab-Stone , M. 2004 . The psychological aspects of children exposed to war: Practice and policy initiatives . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 45 : 41 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger , R. , Pat-Horenczyk , R. and Gelkopf , M. 2007 . School-based intervention for prevention and treatment of elementary students' terror-related distress in Israel: A quasi-randomized controlled trial . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 20 : 541 – 551 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt , T. S. , Speelman , L. , Onyango , G. and Bolton , P. 2009 . A qualitative study of mental health problems among children displaced by war in Northern Uganda . Transcultural Psychiatry , 46 : 238 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt , T. S. and Williams , T. 2008 . Building an evidence base on mental health interventions for children affected by armed conflict . Intervention (Amstelveen) , 6 : 39 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown , E. J. and Bobrow , A. L. 2004 . School entry after a community-wide trauma: Challenges and lessons learned from September 11th, 2001 . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 7 : 211 – 221 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryant , R. A. 2000 . Cognitive behavioral therapy of violence-related posttraumatic stress disorder . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 5 : 79 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham , J. J. 2007 . Children's fears: A pre-9/11 and post-9/11 comparison using the American Fear Survey Schedule for children . Journal of Counseling and Development , 85 : 461 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catani , C. , Kohiladevy , M. , Ruf , M. , Schauer , E. , Elbert , T. and Neuner , F. 2009 . Treating children traumatized by war and Tsunami: A comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in North-East Sri Lanka . BMC Psychiatry , 9 : 22 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimienti , G. , Nasr , J.A. and Khalifeh , I. 1989 . Children's reactions to war related stress: Affective symptoms and behavior problems . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 24 : 282 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , M. and Eid , J. 2007 . The effect of constant threat of terror on Israeli Jewish and Arab adolescents . Anxiety, Stress, and Coping , 20 : 47 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer , J. S. , Furr , J. M. , Beidas , R. S. , Weiner , C. L. and Kendall , P. C. 2008 . Children and terrorism related news: Training parents in coping and media literacy . Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology , 76 : 568 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer , J. S. and Kendall , P. C. 2007 . Terrorism: The psychological impact on youth . Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice , 14 : 179 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw , D. A. and Hardy , K. V. 2007 . The crucial role of empathy in breaking the silence of traumatized children in play therapy . International Journal of Play Therapy , 16 : 160 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• De Jong , J. T. V. M. 2002 . Trauma, war, and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context , New York, NY : Kluwer Academic/Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Driessnack , M. 2005 . Children's drawings as facilitators of communication: A meta-analysis . Journal of Pediatric Nursing , 20 : 415 – 423 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubow , E. F. , Huesmann , L. R. and Boxer , P. 2009 . A social-cognitive-ecological framework for understanding the impact of exposure to persistent ethnic-political violence on children's psychosocial adjustment . Clinical Child Family Psychology Review , 12 : 113 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dybdahl , R. 2001 . Children and mothers in war: An outcome study of a psychosocial intervention program . Child Development , 72 : 1214 – 1230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehntholt , K. A. and Yule , W. 2006 . Practitioner review: Assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war-related trauma . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 : 1197 – 1210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbert , T. , Schauer , M. , Schauer , E. , Huschka , B. , Hirth , M. and Neuner , F. 2009 . Trauma-related impairment in children—A survey in Sri Lankan provinces affected by armed conflict . Child Abuse & Neglect , 33 : 238 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , B. H. , Miller , A. B. , Baldwin , H. and Abdi , S. 2011 . New directions in refugee youth mental health services: Overcoming barriers to engagement . Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma , 4 ( 1 ) : 69 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Espié , E. , Gaboulaud , V. , Baubet , T. , Casas , G. , Mouchenik , Y. Yun , O. 2009 . Trauma-related psychological disorders among Palestinian children and adults in Gaza and West Bank, 2005–2008 . International Journal of Mental Health Systems , 3 : 21 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farhi , E. , Lauden , A. , Ifergan , G. and Fariger , M. D. 2008 . Impact of continuous terrorism missile attacks on the emotional and physical strength of the local population in Sderot, Israel . Epidemiology , 19 : S106 – S107 .
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1915). Thoughts for the times on war and death. http://www.panarchy.org/freud/war.1915.html (http://www.panarchy.org/freud/war.1915.html)
   Google Scholar
• Freud , A. 1966 . The ego and the mechanisms of defense , Madison, CT : International Universities Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , A. 1974 . Infants without families and reports on the Hampstead Nurseries, 1939–1945 , London, England : Hogarth Press: Institute of Psychoanalysis .
   Google Scholar
• Gammonley , D. and Dziegielewski , S. F. 2006 . Crisis intervention responses to children victimized by terrorism: Children are not little adults . Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention , 6 : 22 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Garmezy , N. , Maston , A. and Tellegen , A. 1984 . The study of stress and competence in children: A building block of developmental psychopathology . Child Development , 55 : 97 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelkopf , M. and Berger , R. 2009 . A school-based, teacher-mediated prevention program (ERASE-Stress) for reducing terror-related traumatic reactions in Israeli youth: A quasi-randomized controlled trial . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 50 : 962 – 971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haen , C. 2005 . Rebuilding security: Group therapy with children affected by September 11 . International Journal of Group Psychotherapy , 55 : 391 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanney , L. and Kozlowska , K. 2002 . Healing traumatized children: Creating illustrated storybooks in family therapy . Family Process , 41 : 37 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks , C. and Bornstein , M. H. 2007 . Ecological analysis of early adolescents' stress responses to 9/11 in the Washington, DC, area . Applied Developmental Science , 11 : 71 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich , C. C. and Shahar , G. 2008 . Social support buffers the effects of terrorism on adolescent depression: Findings from Sderot, Israel . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 47 : 1073 – 1076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoven , C. W. , Duarte , C. S. , Lucas , C. P. , Wu , P. , Mandell , D. J. Goodwin , R. D. 2005 . Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after September 11 . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 545 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel State Comptroller. (2007). Home front preparation and functioning during the second Lebanon war–the complete report. http://www.mevaker.gov.il/serve/contentTree.asp?bookid=493&id=188&contentid=&parentcid=undefined&sw=1280&hw=954 (http://www.mevaker.gov.il/serve/contentTree.asp?bookid=493&id=188&contentid=&parentcid=undefined&sw=1280&hw=954)
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , P. S. and Shaw , J. 1993 . Children as victims of war: Current knowledge and future research needs . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 32 : 697 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi , P. T. and O'Donnell , D. A. 2003 . Consequences of child exposure to war and terrorism . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 6 : 275 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall , P. C. 1994 . Treating anxiety disorders in children: Results of a randomized clinical trial . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 100 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimhi , S. , Eshel , Y. and Zysberg , L. 2010 . “ Post-traumatic growth and symptoms of stress among adolescents ” . In Health, education, and welfare services in times of crisis: Lessons learned from the Second Lebanon War , Edited by: Azaiza , F. , Nachmias , N. and Cohen , M. 145 – 163 . Haifa, Israel : Pardes Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , M. 1946 . Note on some schizoid mechanism . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 27 : 99 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klien , T. P. , Devoe , E. R. , Miranda-Julian , C. and Linas , K. 2009 . Young children's response to September 11th: The New York City experience . Infant Mental Health Journal , 30 : 1 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kos , A. M. and Derviskadic-Jovanovic , S. 1998 . What can we do to support children who have been through war? . Forced Migration Review , 3 : 4 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuterovac-Jagodic , G. 2003 . Posttraumatic stress symptoms in Croatian children exposed to war: A prospective study . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 59 : 9 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Greca , A. M. and Silverman , W. K. 2009 . Treatment and prevention of posttraumatic stress reactions in children and adolescents exposed to disasters and terrorism: What is the evidence? . Child Development Perspectives , 3 : 4 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahad , M. 2006 . Fantastic reality , Kiryat Tivon, Israel : Nord .
   Google Scholar
• Laor , N. , Wolmer , L. , Alon , M. , Siev , J. , Samuel , E. and Toren , P. 2006 . Risk and protective factors mediating psychological symptoms and ideological commitment of adolescents facing continuous terrorism . The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 194 : 279 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llabre , M. M. and Hadi , F. 2009 . War-related exposure and psychological distress as predictors of health and sleep: A longitudinal study of Kuwaiti children . Psychosomatic Medicine , 71 : 776 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry, C. (2000). Mental health interventions for war affected children: Taking into account children's resilience and coping in armed conflict. Children in Adversity. http://www.childreninadversity.org/DocumentCentre.html (http://www.childreninadversity.org/DocumentCentre.html)
   Google Scholar
• Machel , G. 1996 . Impact of armed conflict on children , New York, NY : United Nations . Report of the Expert of the Secretary General of the United Nations
   Google Scholar
• Machel , G. 2001 . The impact of war on children , London, , England : Hurst .
   Google Scholar
• Malekoff , A. 2008 . Transforming trauma and empowering children and adolescents in the aftermath of disaster through group work . Social Work with Groups , 31 : 29 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• McNamee , A. and Mercurio , M. L. 2006 . Picture books: Can they help caregivers create an “illusion of safety” for children in unsafe times? . Perspectives on Urban Education , 4 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Moin , V. , Sharlin , S. A. and Yahav , R. 2007 . Multifaceted fears: Reactions of children and adolescents to terrorist attacks in Israel , Tel Aviv, Israel : Alpha Print .
   Google Scholar
• Moscardino , U. , Scrimin , S. , Capello , F. and Altoè , G. 2010 . Social support, sense of community, collectivist values, and depressive symptoms in adolescent survivors of the 2004 Beslan terrorist attack . Social Science & Medicine , 70 : 27 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscardino , U. , Scrimin , S. , Capello , F. , Altoè , G. and Axia , G. 2008 . Psychological adjustment of adolescents 18 months after the terrorist attack in Beslan, Russia: A cross-sectional study . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 69 : 854 – 859 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overstreet , S. , Salloum , A. , Burch , B. and West , J. 2011 . Challenges associated with childhood exposure to severe natural disasters: Research review and clinical implications . Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma , 4 ( 1 ) : 52 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Panter-Brick , C. , Eggerman , M. , Gonzalez , V. and Safdar , S. 2009 . Violence, suffering, and mental health in Afghanistan: A school-based survey . The Lancet , 9692 : 807 – 816 .
   Google Scholar
• Pat-Horenczyk , R. , Peled , O. , Miron , T. , Brom , D. , Villa , Y. and Chemtob , C. M. 2007 . Risk-taking behaviors among Israeli adolescents exposed to recurrent terrorism: Provoking danger under continuous threat . American Journal of Psychiatry , 164 : 66 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin , S. , Smith , P. and Yule , W. 2000 . The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 41 : 277 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pine , D. S. , Costello , J. and Masten , A. 2005 . Trauma, proximity, and developmental psychopathology: The effects of war and terrorism on children . Neuropsychopharmacology , 30 : 1781 – 1792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punamaki , R. J. 2002 . The uninvited guest of war enters childhood: Developmental and personality aspects of war and military violence . Traumatology , 8 : 45 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Punamaki , R. J. , Qouta , S. and El-Sarraj , E. 2001 . Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 25 : 256 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pynoos , R. S. and Eth , S. 1986 . Witness to violence: The child interview . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 25 : 306 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahe , R. H. , Looney , J. G. , Ward , H. W. , Tung , T. M. and Liu , W. T. 1978 . Psychiatric consultation in a Vietnamese refugee camp . American Journal of Psychiatry , 135 : 185 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagi-Schwartz , A. 2008 . The well-being of children living in chronic war zones: The Palestinian-Israeli case . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 32 : 322 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharlin , S. A. , Moin , W. and Yahav , R. 2006 . When disaster becomes commonplace . Social Work in Health Care , 43 : 95 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , J. A. 2003 . Children exposed to war/terrorism . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 6 : 237 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman , W. K. , Ortiz , C. D. , Viswesvaran , C. , Burns , B. J. , Kolko , D. J. Putnam , F. W. 2008 . Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events . Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology , 37 : 156 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuber , J. , Galea , S. , Pfefferbaum , B. , Vandivere , S. , Moore , K. Fairbrother , G. 2005 . Behavior problems in New York City's children after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 75 : 190 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terr , L. C. 1983 . Children of Chowchilla, a study of psychic trauma four years after a school-bus kidnapping . American Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 1542 – 1550 .
   Google Scholar
• Tol , W. A. , Komproe , I. H. , Susanty , D. , Jordans , M. J. D. , Macy , R. D. and de Jong , J. T. V. M. 2008 . School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: A cluster randomized trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 300 : 655 – 662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wexler , I. D. , Branski , D. and Kerem , E. 2006 . War and children . Journal of the American Medical Association , 296 : 579 – 581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , R. 2007 . The psychological consequences for children of mass violence, terrorism and disasters . International Review of Psychiatry , 19 : 263 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yahav , R. and Cohen , M. 2007 . Symptoms of acute stress in Jewish and Arab Israeli citizens during the second Lebanon war . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 42 : 830 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule , W. 2002 . Alleviating the effects of war and displacement on children . Traumatology , 8 : 25 – 43 .
   Google Scholar