The Internet As a Safety Net: Findings From a Series of Online Focus Groups With LGB and Non-LGB Young People in the United States

REFERENCES

• Alexander , J. 1997 . Out of the closet and into the network: Sexual orientation and the computerized classroom . Computers and Composition , 14 ( 2 ) : 207 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , J. 2004 . In their own words: LGBT youth writing the World Wide Web , New York , NY : GLAAD Center for the Study of Media and Society .
   Google Scholar
• Anhalt , K. and Morris , T. L. 1998 . Developmental and adjustment issues of gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: A review of the empirical literature . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 1 ( 4 ) : 215 – 230 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bauermeister , J. , Johns , M. , Sandfort , T. , Eisenberg , A. , Grossman , A. and D’Augelli , A. 2010 . Relationship trajectories and psychological well-being among sexual minority youth . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 39 ( 10 ) : 1148 – 1163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bontempo , D. E. and D’Augelli , A. R. 2002 . Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths’ health risk behavior . Journal of Adolescent Health , 30 ( 5 ) : 364 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , E. H. , Curry , L. A. and Devers , K. J. 2007 . Qualitative data analysis for health services research: Developing taxonomy, themes, and theory . Health Services Research , 42 ( 4 ) : 1758 – 1772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. 1995 . “ Lesbian identities: Concepts and issues ” . In Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan , Edited by: D’Augelli , A. R. and Patterson , C. 3 – 23 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• California Safe Schools Coalition and 4-H Center for Youth Development . 2004 . Safe place to learn: Consequences of harassment based on actual or perceived sexual orientation and gender non-conformity and steps for making schools safer , San Francisco, CA : University of California, Davis .
   Google Scholar
• Coalition for Education on Sexual Orientation . 2005 . Chicago Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Differential risks for lesbian, gay, bisexual youth , Chicago , IL : Coalition for Education on Sexual Orientation .
   Google Scholar
• Crowley , M. S. 2010 . how r u??? Lesbian and bi-identified youth on MySpace . Journal of Lesbian Studies , 14 ( 1 ) : 52 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Augelli , A. R. 2002 . Mental health problems among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths ages 14 to 21 . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 7 ( 3 ) : 433 – 456 .
   Google Scholar
• D’Augelli , A. R. , Hershberger , S. L. and Pilkington , N. W. 1998 . Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: Disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 68 ( 3 ) : 361 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detrie , P. M. and Lease , S. H. 2007 . The relation of social support, connectedness, and collective self-esteem to the psychological well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth . Journal of Homosexuality , 53 ( 4 ) : 173 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , L. M. 2000 . Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a 2-year period . Developmental Psychology , 36 ( 2 ) : 241 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , L. M. 2003 . “ Love matters: Romantic relationships among sexual-minority adolescents ” . In Adolescent romantic relations and sexual behavior: Theory, research, and practical implications , Edited by: Florsheim , P. 85 – 107 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , L. M. and Dube , E. M. 2002 . Friendship and attachment among heterosexual and sexual-minority youths: Does the gender of your friend matter? . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 31 ( 2 ) : 155 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan , J. 2000, December 10 . Lonely gay teen seeking same . New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/magazine/lonely-gay-teen-seeking-same.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg , M. and Resnick , M. D. 2006 . Suicidality among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors . Journal of Adolescent Health , 39 ( 5 ) : 662 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner , A. H. and Cranston , K. 1998 . Correlates of same-sex sexual behavior in a random sample of Massachusetts high school students . American Journal of Public Health , 88 ( 2 ) : 262 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D. M. , Horwood , L. J. and Beautrais , A. L. 1999 . Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? . Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 ( 10 ) : 876 – 880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelhor , D. , Mitchell , K. J. and Wolak , J. 2000 . Online victimization: A report on the nation's youth , Alexandria , VA : National Center for Missing and Exploited Children .
   Google Scholar
• Guan , S. S. and Subrahmanyam , K. 2009 . Youth Internet use: Risks and opportunities . Current Opinions in Psychiatry , 22 ( 4 ) : 351 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison , T. W. 2003 . Adolescent homosexuality and concerns regarding disclosure . Journal of School Health , 73 ( 3 ) : 107 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckathorn , D. D. 1997 . Respondent-driven sampling: A new approach to the study of hidden populations . Social Problems , 44 ( 2 ) : 174 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershberger , S. L. and D’Augelli , A. R. 1995 . The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths . Developmental Psychology , 31 ( 1 ) : 65 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier , L. and Harrison , L. 2007 . Building realities less limited than their own: Young people practising same-sex attraction on the Internet . Sexualities , 10 ( 1 ) : 82 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Hillier , L. , Horsely , P. and Kurdas , C. 2004 . “ It made me feel braver, I was no longer alone: Same sex attracted young people negotiating the pleasures and pitfalls of the Internet ” . In Sexuality in the Pacific , Edited by: Nieto , J. A. 79 – 100 . Madrid , Spain : Asociación Española de Coperación Internacional and the Asociación Española de Estudios del Pacífico .
   Google Scholar
• Hillier , L. , Jones , T. , Monagle , M. , Overton , N. , Gahan , L. , Blackman , J. and Mitchell , A. 2010 . Writing themselves in 3: The third national study on the sexual health and well being of same sex attracted and gender questioning young people , Melbourne : Australian Research Centre in Sex, Heath, and Society, La Trobe University .
   Google Scholar
• Keeter , S. and Smith , G. 2006 . In search of ideologues in America: It's harder than you may think . Retrieved from http://pewresearch.org/pubs/17/in-search-of-ideologues-in-america
   Google Scholar
• Kosciw , J. and Diaz , E. M. 2006 . The 2005 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgendered youth in our nation's schools , New York , NY : Gay, Lesbian, and Straight Eduction Network .
   Google Scholar
• Lenhart , A. , Madden , M. and Hitlin , P. 2005 . Teens and technology: Youth are leading the transition to a fully wired and mobile nation , Washington , DC : Pew Internet and American Life .
   Google Scholar
• Maczewski , M. 2002 . Exploring identities through the Internet: Youth experiences online . Child and Youth Care Forum , 31 ( 2 ) : 111 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• McDaniel , J. S. , Purcell , D. and D’Augelli , A. R. 2001 . The relationship between sexual orientation and risk for suicide: Research findings and future directions for research and prevention . Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior , 31 ( s1 ) : 84 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• McKenna , K. Y. A. and Bargh , J. A. 2000 . Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 4 ( 1 ) : 57 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , K. J. , Finkelhor , D. , Jones , L. M. and Wolak , J. 2012 . Prevalence and characteristics of youth sexting: A national study . Pediatrics , 129 ( 1 ) : 13 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , K. J. , Finkelhor , D. and Wolak , J. 2001 . Risk factors for and impact of online sexual solicitation of youth . Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 ( 23 ) : 3011 – 3014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , K. J. and Ybarra , M. L. 2009 . Social networking sites: Finding a balance between their risks and benefits . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 163 ( 1 ) : 87 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remafedi , G. , French , S. , Story , M. , Resnick , M. D. and Blum , R. 1998 . The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: results of a population-based study . American Journal of Public Health , 88 ( 1 ) : 57 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rideout , V. J. 2001 . Generation Rx.com: How young people use the Internet for health information , Washington , DC : Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. and Hunter , J. 2005 . Psychological distress following suicidality among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Role of social relationships . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 34 ( 2 ) : 149 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , S. T. 2002 . Queer in America: Citizenship for sexual minority youth . Applied Developmental Science , 6 ( 4 ) : 258 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , C. and Rivers , I. 2003 . Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: Victimization and its correlates in the USA and UK . Culture, Health, and Sexuality , 5 ( 2 ) : 103 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savin-Williams , R. C. 1996 . “ Dating and romantic relationships among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths ” . In The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults , Edited by: Savin-Williams , R. C. and Cohen , K. M. 166 – 180 . Fort Worth , TX : Harcourt Brace .
   Google Scholar
• Tynes , B. M. 2007 . Internet safety gone wild? Sacrificing the educational and psychosocial benefits of online social environments . Journal of Adolescent Research , 22 ( 6 ) : 575 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters , J. K. and Biernacki , P. 1989 . Targeted sampling: Options for the study of hidden populations . Social Problems , 36 ( 4 ) : 416 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolak , J. , Mitchell , K. J. and Finkelhor , D. 2006 . Online victimization of youth: 5 years later , Alexandria , VA : National Center for Missing and Exploited Children .
   Google Scholar
• Ybarra , M. L. and Eaton , W. W. 2005 . Internet-based mental health interventions . Mental Health Services Research , 7 ( 2 ) : 75 – 87 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ybarra , M. L. , Finkelhor , D. , Mitchell , K. J. and Wolak , J. 2009 . Associations between blocking, monitoring, and filtering software on the home computer and youth-reported unwanted exposure to sexual material online . Child Abuse and Neglect , 33 ( 12 ) : 857 – 869 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ybarra , M. L. and Mitchell , K. J. 2008 . How risky are social networking sites? A comparison of places online where youth sexual solicitation and harassment occurs . Pediatrics , 121 ( 2 ) : e350 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ybarra , M. L. , Mitchell , K. J. , Wolak , J. and Finkelhor , D. 2007 . Internet prevention messages: Targeting the right online behaviors . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 161 ( 2 ) : 138 – 145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ybarra , M. L. and Suman , M. 2008 . Reasons, assessments, and actions taken: Sex and age differences in uses of Internet health information . Health Education Research , 23 ( 3 ) : 512 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar