Rural school experiences of South African gay and transgender youth

References

• Al-Samarrai, S., & Bennell, P. (2007). Where has all the education gone in sub-Saharan Africa? Employment and other outcomes among secondary school and university leavers. The Journal of Development Studies, 43, 1270–1300. doi:10.1080/00220380701526592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aragon, S. R., Poteat, V. P., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. W. (2014). The influence of peer victimization on educational outcomes for LGBTQ and non-LGBTQ high school students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 11(1), 1–19. doi:10.1080/19361653.2014.840761
   Google Scholar
• Astbury, G., & Butler, A. H. (2005). Over the rainbow: Recommendations for service provision as voiced by post-Apartheid South African gay and lesbian youth. Journal of Child and Youth Care Work, 19, 126–136. ISSN 0741-9481
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, S., & Abu El Haj, M. (1996). Domain analysis for qualitative public health data. Health Policy and Planning, 11, 438–442. doi:10.1093/heapol/11.4.438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhana, D., de Lange, N., & Mitchell, C. (2009). Male teachers talk about gender violence: “Zulu men demand respect.”. Educational Review, 61(1), 49–62. doi:10.1080/00131910802684771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhana, D. (2005). What matters to girls and boys in a black primary school in South Africa. Early Child Development and Care, 175, 99–111. doi:10.1080/0300443042000230410
   Google Scholar
• Bontempo, D. E., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2002). Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths health risk behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 364–374. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, E. H., Curry, L. A., & Devers, K. J. (2007). Qualitative data analysis for health services research: Developing taxonomy, themes, and theory. Health Services Research, 42, 1758–1772. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00684.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branson, N., Hofmeyr, C., & Lam, D. (2014). Progress through school and the determinants of school dropout in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 31(1), 106–126. doi:10.1080/0376835X.2013.853610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burla, L., Knierim, B., Barth, J., Liewald, K., Duetz, M., & Abel, T. (2008). From text to codings: Intercoder reliability assessment in qualitative content analysis. Nursing Research, 57, 113–117. doi:10.1097/01.NNR.0000313482.33917.7d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, P., & Leoschut, L. (2013). School violence in South Africa: Results of the 2012 national school violence study. Cape Town: Centre for justice and crime prevention, Monograph series, no 12.
   Google Scholar
• Case, A., Lubotsky, D., & Paxson, C. (2002). Economic status and health in childhood: The origins of the gradient. American Economic Review, 92, 1308–1334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., Bowes, L., & Gardner, F. (2010). Risk and protective factors for bullying victimization among AIDS-affected and vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 793–803. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., Ackerman, D., Mays, V. M., & Ross, M. W. (2004). Prevalence of non-medical drug use and dependence among homosexually active men and women in the US population. Addiction, 99, 989–998. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00759.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coelho, T. (2009). When the global and local collide: Gay identity in Brazil and South Africa according to Parker and Reid. Amsterdam Social Science, 1, 6–23.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2013). Five qualitative approaches to inquiry. In Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (pp. 69–110). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Currie, J., & Stabile, M. (2003). Socioeconomic status and health: Why is the relationship stronger for older children? American Economic Review, 93, 1813–1823. doi:https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322655563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, J., Maleke, K., Lane, T., Struthers, H., McIntyre, J., Kegeles, S., … Coates, T. (2017). Learning to live with HIV in the rural townships: A photovoice study of men who have sex with men living with HIV in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 28, 408–421. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2017.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, J., Struthers, H., Lane, T., Maleke, K., McIntyre, J., & Coates, T. (2018). “Booze is the main factor that got me where I am today”: Alcohol use and HIV risk for MSM in rural South Africa. AIDS Care – Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV, 1–7. doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1475626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davtyan, M., Farmer, S., Brown, B., Sami, M., & Frederick, T. (2016). Women of color reflect on HIV-related stigma through photovoice. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 27, 404–418. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2016.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (Eds.). (2011). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Basic Education. (2015). Education statistics in South Africa 2013. Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Basic Education South Africa. (2014). Challenging homophobic bullying in schools.
   Google Scholar
• Deuba, K., Ekström, A. M., Shrestha, R., Ionita, G., Bhatta, L., Karki, D. K., … Lewis, M. (2013). Psychosocial health problems associated with increased HIV risk behavior among men who have sex with men in Nepal: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS ONE, 8, e58099. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eicher, V., Staerklé, C., & Clémence, A. (2014). I want to quit education: A longitudinal study of stress and optimism as predictors of school dropout intention. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 1021–1030. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, D. A., & Reygan, F. (2016). Let’s see if it won’t go away by itself. LGBT microaggressions among teachers in South Africa. Education as Change, 20. doi:10.17159/1947-9417/2016/1124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis, D., & Msibi, T. (2011). Teaching about heterosexism: Challenging homophobia in South Africa. Journal of LGBT Youth. doi:10.1080/19361653.2011.553713
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, D., & Smith, J. P. (2011). The increasing value of education to health. Social Science & Medicine, 72, 1728–1737. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greeff, P., & Grobler, A. A. (2008). Bullying during the intermediate school phase: A South African study. Childhood, 15(1), 127–144. doi:10.1177/0907568207086840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, A. H., Haney, A. P., Edwards, P., Alessi, E. J., Ardon, M., & Howell, T. J. (2009). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth talk about experiencing and coping with school violence: A qualitative study. Journal of LGBT Youth, 6(1), 24–46. doi:10.1080/19361650802379748
   Google Scholar
• Herrick, A. L., Stall, R., Goldhammer, H., Egan, J. E., & Mayer, K. H. (2014). Resilience as a research framework and as a cornerstone of prevention research for gay and bisexual men: Theory and evidence. AIDS and Behavior, 18(1), 1–9. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0384-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. A., & Gunderson, C. J. (2015). Resilience of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in relation to social environment, personal characteristics, and emotion regulation strategies. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 232–252. doi:10.1037/sgd0000129
   Google Scholar
• Jobson, G. A., Theron, L. B., Kaggwa, J. K., & Kim, H.-J. (2012). Transgender in Africa: Invisible, inaccessible, or ignored? SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 9, 160–163. doi:10.1080/17290376.2012.743829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Hawkins, J., Queen, B., … & Zaza, S.. (2016). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2015. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 65(6), 1–174. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6506a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., & Diaz, E. M. (2009). Who, what, where, when, and why: Demographic and ecological factors contributing to hostile school climate for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 976–988. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9412-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosciw, J. G., Palmer, N. A., Kull, R. M., & Greytak, E. A. (2013). The effect of negative school climate on academic outcomes for LGBT youth and the role of in-school supports. Journal of School Violence, 12(1), 45–63. doi:10.1080/15388220.2012.732546
   Google Scholar
• Kwon, P. (2013). Resilience in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 371–383. doi:10.1177/1088868313490248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, T., Osmand, T., Marr, A., Shade, S. B., Dunkle, K., Sandfort, T., … McIntyre, J. A. (2014). The Mpumalanga men’s study (MPMS): Results of a baseline biological and behavioral HIV surveillance survey in two MSM communities in South Africa. PLoS One, 9, e111063. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langa, M. (2010). Contested multiple voices of young masculinities amongst adolescent boys in Alexandra Township, South Africa. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 22(1), 1–13. doi:10.2989/17280583.2010.493654
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loeliger, K. B., Niccolai, L. M., Mtungwa, L. N., Moll, A., & Shenoi, S. V. (2016). “I have to push him with a wheelbarrow to the clinic”: Community health workers’ roles, needs, and strategies to improve HIV care in rural South Africa. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 30, 385–394. doi:10.1089/apc.2016.0096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahadea, D. (2005). Employment and growth in South Africa: hope or despair? South African Journal of Economics, 71(1), 21. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=10215523&site=ehost-live
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massoud, M. F. (2003). The evolution of gay rights in South Africa. Peace Review, 15, 301–307. doi:10.1080/1040265032000130896
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C., & Smith, A. (2003). “Sick of AIDS”: Life, literacy and South African youth. Culture Health & Sexuality, 5, 513–522. doi:10.1080/13691050110149909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Msibi, T. (2012). “I’m used to it now’: Experiences of homophobia among queer youth in South African township schools. Gender and Education, 24, 515–533. doi:10.1080/09540253.2011.645021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42, 533–544. doi:10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, J. T., Grov, C., & Golub, S. A. (2012). Sexual compulsivity, co-occurring psychosocial health problems, and HIV risk among gay and bisexual men: further evidence of a syndemic. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), 156–162. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, J. (2011). Word play, ritual insult, and volleyball in Peru. Journal of Homosexuality, 58, 834–847. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.581926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettifor, A., McCoy, S. I., & Padian, N. (2012). Paying to prevent HIV infection in young women? Lancet, 379, 1280–1282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60036-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabie, F., & Lesch, E. (2009). “I am like a woman”: Constructions of sexuality among gay men in a low-income South African community. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11, 717–729. doi:10.1080/13691050902890344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, H. N., Scheier, M. F., & Greenhouse, J. B. (2009). Optimism and physical health: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 239–256. doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9111-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, G. (2006). How to become a “real gay”: Identity and terminology in Ermelo, Mpumalanga. Agenda, 20, 137–145. doi:10.1080/10130950.2006.9674707
   Google Scholar
• Reygan, F. C. G. (2009). The school-based lives of LGBT youth in the republic of Ireland. Journal of LGBT Youth, 6, 80–89. doi:10.1080/19361650802379789
   Google Scholar
• Russell, S. T., Driscoll, A. K., & Truong, N. (2002). Adolescent same-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for substance use and abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 198–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.2.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandfort, T., Bos, H., Knox, J., & Reddy, V. (2016). Gender nonconformity, discrimination, and mental health among black South African men who have sex with men: A further exploration of unexpected findings. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 661–670. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0565-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, G.-M., Do, T., Beck, J., Makofane, K., Arreola, S., Pyun, T., … Ayala, G. (2014). Syndemic conditions associated with increased HIV risk in a global sample of men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 90, 250–253. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201–228. doi:10.1007/BF01173489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seelman, K. L., Walls, N. E., Hazel, C., & Wisneski, H. (2012). Student school engagement among sexual minority students: Understanding the contributors to predicting academic outcomes. Journal of Social Service Research, 38(1), 3–17. doi:10.1080/01488376.2011.583829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J., Nalagoda, F., Wawer, M. J., Serwadda, D., Sewankambo, N., Konde-Lule, J., … Gray, R. H. (1999). Education attainment as a predictor of HIV risk in rural Uganda: Results from a population-based study. International Journal of STD & AIDSs, 10, 452–459. doi:10.1258/0956462991914456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern African Development Community. (n.d.). Care and support for teaching and learning.
   Google Scholar
• Stall, R., Mills, T. C., Williamson, J., Hart, T., Greenwood, G., Paul, J., … Catania, J. A. (2003). Association of co-occurring psychosocial health problems and increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among urban men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 939–942. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.6.939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swarr, A. L. (2004). Moffies, artists, and queens: Race and the production of South African gay male drag. Journal of Homosexuality, 46, 73–89. doi:10.1300/J082v46n03_05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiwo, T., & Goldstein, S. (2006). Drug use and its association with deviant behaviour among rural adolescent students in South Africa. East African Medical Journal, 38, 500–506. PMID: 17447352
   Google Scholar
• Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., Craig, J., Moher, D., Schulz, K., Altman, D., … Santa-Donato, A. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19, 349–357. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A., & Russell, S. T. (2010). Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: School victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1580–1589. doi:10.1037/a0020705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, L., Flisher, A. J., Chikobvu, P., Lombard, C., & King, G. (2008). The relationship between bullying behaviours and high school dropout in Cape Town, South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(1), 21–32. doi:10.1177/008124630803800102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2016). Out in the open: Education sector responses to violence based on sexual orientation and gender identity/expression. Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Wilsnack, S. C., Hughes, T. L., Johnson, T. P., Bostwick, W. B., Szalacha, L. A., Benson, P., … Kinnison, K. E. (2008). Drinking and drinking-related problems among heterosexual and sexual minority women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(1), 129–139. doi:https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar