Undervaluing Mutual: The FCC’s Missed Opportunity to Restructure Radio Broadcasting in the New Deal Era

References

• Antrim, E. (1939). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (hearing transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1407 Vol. 39).
   Google Scholar
• Archer, G. L. (1939). Big business and radio. New York, NY: The American Historical Company, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Barnouw, E. (1966). A history of broadcasting in the United States (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bergreen, L. (1980). Look now, pay later: The rise of network broadcasting (1st ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Brinson, S. L. (2004). The red scare, politics, and the federal communications commission, 1941–1960. Westport, CT.: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Chase, F. S. (1942). Sound and fury, an informal history of broadcasting. New York, NY; Harper & Brothers.
   Google Scholar
• Commissioners from 1934 to Present. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fcc.gov/leadership/commissioners-1934-present
   Google Scholar
• Communications Act of 1934, Pub. L. No. 416. (1934). Retrieved from http://www.criminalgovernment.com/docs/61StatL101/ComAct34.html
   Google Scholar
• Cox, J. (2009). American radio networks: A history. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Dunning, J. (1988). On the air: The encyclopedia of old-time radio. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Edwardson, M. (1999). James Lawrence Fly, the FBI, and wiretapping. Historian, 61(2), 361. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1999.tb01031.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwardson, M. (2002). James Lawrence Fly’s report on chain broadcasting (1941) and the regulation of monopoly in America. Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, 22(4), 397–423. doi:10.1080/0143968022000012129A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission. (1940). Report of the committee appointed by the commission to supervise the investigation on chain broadcasting ( Commission Order No. 37—Docket 5060) (p. 138). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1422).
   Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission. (1941a). Report on chain broadcasting (pp. 92). Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://earlyradiohistory.us/1941cb.htm
   Google Scholar
• Federal Communications Commission. (1941b). Supplemental report on chain broadcasting (pp. 18). Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1426).
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz, R. B. (1989). The irony of regulatory reform: The deregulation of American telecommunications. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Macfarlane, W. E. (1939). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1407 Vol. 43).
   Google Scholar
• McCosker, A. (1939). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1407, Vol. 44).
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, E. (1999, April 11). Email correspondence on mutual network. Retrieved from http://jeff560.tripod.com/mutual.html
   Google Scholar
• McNinch, F. (1938). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing transcript) (pp. 3–7). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1400, Vol. 1).
   Google Scholar
• Mutual Broadcasting System by Fred Weber, General Manager. (1941). Petition for amendments to pemit network option-time and longer contract period and memorandum in support thereof (pp. 43). Washington, DC. Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1426).
   Google Scholar
• Paley, W. (1939). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1404 Vol. 28).
   Google Scholar
• Pickard, V. W. (2015). America’s battle for media democracy: The triumph of corporate libertarianism and the future of media reform. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Portman, R. G. (1939, April 25). Letter to the president from concerned citizen. letter to president Franklin D. Roosevelt, White House. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, T. P. (1943). Radio networks and the federal government. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rowland, Jr., W. D. (1986). Continuing crisis in public broadcasting: A history of disenfranchisement. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 30(3), 251–274. doi:10.1080/08838158609386623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo, A. (2010). Points on the dial: Golden age radio beyond the networks. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sarnoff, D. (1938). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1400, Vol. 1).
   Google Scholar
• Socolow, M. J. (2016). “A Nation-wide Chain within 60 Days”: Radio network failure in early American broadcasting. American Journalism, 33(1), 20. doi:10.1080/08821127.2015.1134973
   Google Scholar
• Shepperd, J. (2013). Electric education: How the media reform movement built public broadcasting in the United States, 1934–1952 (Ph.D.). The University of Wisconsin Madison, United States Wisconsin. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1761835841/abstract/48426541C370485CPQ/1
   Google Scholar
• Sterling, C. (2007). Breaking chains: NBC and the FCC network inquiry, 1938–43. In M. Hilmes & M. Henry (Eds.), NBC: America’s network (pp. 85–97). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sterling, C. H., & Kittross, J. M. (1990). Stay tuned: A concise history of American broadcasting (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co.
   Google Scholar
• Streeter, T. (1996). Selling the air: A critique of the policy of commercial broadcasting in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, E. (1939a). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1407, Vol. 41).
   Google Scholar
• Sykes, E. (1939b). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1407, Vol. 39).
   Google Scholar
• The impact of the FCC’s Chain Broadcasting Rules. (1951). The Yale Law Journal (1), 78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. (1939). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1407 Vol. 39).
   Google Scholar
• Weber, F. (1939). Investigation of chain or network broadcasting, monopoly in the broadcasting industry and related matters (Hearing Transcript). Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Archives at College Park, MD. (Docket 5060, Box 1407, Vol. 41).
   Google Scholar
• White, L. (1947). The American radio, a report on the broadcasting industry in the United States from the commission on freedom of the press. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, J. M. (1941, September 25). Letter from concerned citizen to James L. Fly, chairman, FCC.
   Google Scholar