Mobilization and protest: the struggle to save Karura Forest in Nairobi, Kenya

References

• Adar, G.K., & Munyae, I.M. (2001). Human rights abuse in Kenya under Daniel Arap Moi, 1978–2001. African Studies Quarterly 5(1), 1. Retrieved from http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v5/v5i1a1.htm
   Google Scholar
• Aina , T.A. 1997 . “ The state and civil society: Politics, government, and social organization in African cities ” . In The urban challenge in Africa: Growth and management of its large cities , Edited by: Rakodi , C. 411 – 446 . Tokyo, New York, Paris : United Nations University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Auyero , J. 2006 . “ Spaces and places as sites and objects of politics ” . In Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Studies , Edited by: Goodin , R. and Tilly , C. 564 – 575 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , P. 2005 . Gramsci, Polanyi and impressions from Africa on the social forum phenomenon . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 29 : 433 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Bosshard, P. (2009). China Dams the World. World Polity Journal. Retrieved from http://www.cdca.it/IMG/pdf/China_Dams_the_World.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brown , S. 2001 . Authoritarian leaders and multiparty elections in Africa: how foreign donors help to keep Kenya’s Daniel arap Moi in power . Third World Quarterly , 22 : 725 – 739 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1985 . Strategy or identity: new theoretical paradigms and contemporary social movement . Social Research , 52 : 663 – 716 .
   Google Scholar
• Delaney , D. and Leitner , H. 1997 . The political construction of scale . Political Geography , 16 : 93 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , S. and van Kessel , I. , eds. 2009 . Movers and Shakers: Social Movements in Africa , Leiden/Boston : Brill Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Featherstone , D. 2005 . Towards the relational construction of militant particularisms: or why the geographies of past struggle matter . Antipode , 37 : 250 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Forest damage is now revealed: full extent of destruction seen from air. (1998, October 9). Daily, Nation, pp. 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , R. 1972 . African Liberation Movements-Contemporary Struggles against White Minority Rule , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , P. 1988 . Cities of tomorrow , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Herzog, J., de Meuron, P., Herz, M., Nobre, L., & Rahbaran, H. (2007). UN and NGOs in Nairobi. Retrieved from http://studiotransfer.ch/Website/3_Nairobi/1_Student%20Work/029_NRB_09_un.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kahura, D., & Nyambala, M. (2003, March 10). Curious twist in Karura saga. The East African Standard, pp. 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Karura: Govt has a case to answer. (1999, March 28). Daily Nation, p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Karura: NCEC scoffs at Moi’s nod to sharks. (1999, February 3). The People, p. 21.
   Google Scholar
• Kimani , S.M. 1972 . The structure of land ownership in Nairobi . Canadian Journal of African Studies , 6 : 379 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Klopp , J. 2000 . Pilfering the public: the problem of land grabbing in contemporary Kenya . Africa Today , 47 : 7 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Kurtz , H.E. 2003 . Scale frames and counter-scale frames: constructing the problems of environmental injustice . Political Geography , 22 : 887 – 916 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee-Smith , D. and Lamba , D. 1994 . “ Social transformation in a post-colonial city: the case of Nairobi ” . In The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change , Edited by: Polise , M. and Stren , R. 250 – 279 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leitner , H. , Sheppard , E. and Sziarto , K.M. 2008 . The spatialities of contentious politics . The Institute of British Geographers , 33 : 157 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Maathai hits back at Moi over Karura. (1999, February 10). The People, pp. 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Maathai , W. 2006 . Unbowed: A Memoir , New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , G.M. 2003 . ‘Place-framing’ as a place-making: constituting a neighborhood for organizing and activism . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 93 : 730 – 750 .
   Google Scholar
• McAdam , D. , Tarrow , S. and Tilly , C. 2001 . Dynamics of Contention , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , J. 1996 . “ Mobilizing structures: constraints and opportunities in adopting, adapting, and inventing ” . In Comparative perspectives on social movements , Edited by: McAdam , D. , McCarthy , J. and Zald , M. 141 – 151 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , B. 2000 . Geography and social movements: comparing antinuclear activism in the Boston area , Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller, B., Martin, D.G. (Eds.). 2003. Special issue: ‘Space, place, and contentious politics’. Mobilization, 8, 123–246.
   Google Scholar
• Moi blames Karura violence on hatred, tribalism. (1999, February 2). Daily, Nation, pp. 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Moore , D.S. 1997 . “ Remapping resistance. ‘Ground for struggle’ and the politics of place ” . In Geographies of Resistance , Edited by: Piles , S. and Keith , M. 87 – 106 . London , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ndegwa , S.N. 2003 . Kenya: Third Time Lucky? . Journal of Democracy , 14 : 145 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls , W. 2007 . The geographies of social movements . Geography Compass , 1 : 607 – 622 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls , W. 2009 . Place, networks, space. Theorizing the geographies of social movements . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 34 : 78 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, W., & Beaumont, J.R. (Eds.). 2004. Special issue: ‘The urbanization of justice movement’. Space and Polity, 8, 107-177.
   Google Scholar
• Okafor , E.E. 2011 . Dynamics of Niger Delta struggles and the State responses: the state of terrorism and terrorism of the State . Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa , 13 : 88 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Omari, E. (1998, November 13). Karura: Katana names firms only. Daily Nation, p. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya (RoK) . 2004 . Report of the Commission on Inquiry into the Illegal/Irregular Allocation of Public Land , Nairobi, Kenya : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Routledge , P. 1994 . Blackstreets, barricades, and blackouts: urban terrains of resistance in Nepal . Environment and Planning D: Space and Society , 12 : 559 – 578 .
   Google Scholar
• Saugestad, S. (2005). ‘Improving their lives’. State policies and San resistance in Botswana. Before Farming, 2005/4, article 1, pp. 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Sewell , W.H. Jr . 2001 . “ Space in contentious politics ” . In Silent and Voice in Contentious Politics , Edited by: Aminzade , R.R. , Goldstone , J.A. , McAdam , D. , Perry , E.J. , Sewell , W.H. Jr , Tarrow , S. and Tilly , C. 51 – 88 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Snow , D.A. and Benford , R.D. 1988 . “ Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization ” . In International Social Movement Research 1: From structure to action: Comparing social movement across cultures , Edited by: Klandermans , B. , Kriesi , H. and Tarrow , S. 197 – 217 . Greenwich : CTL JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Towers , G. 2000 . Applying the political geography of scale: grassroots strategies and environmental justice . Professional Geographer , 52 : 23 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Trump , E.C. 1967 . “ Vegetation ” . In Nairobi: City and Region , Edited by: Morgan , W.T.W. 39 – 47 . Nairobi, London/New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wahinya, H. (1999, January 1). Epic duel looms large at Karura. The Star, p. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Wambaa, C. (1999, January 31). Act on Karura, students say. The East African Standard, p. 3.
   Google Scholar
• Wanyande , P. 1996 . The media as civil society and its role in democratic transition in Kenya . Africa Media Review , 10 ( 3 ) : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. 1999 . Environmental injustice in America and its politics of scale . Political Geography , 18 : 49 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolford , W. 2004 . This land is ours now: Spatial imaginaries and the struggle for land in Brazil . The Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 94 ( 2 ) : 409 – 424 .
   Google Scholar