References
- Abeje, B. (2012). The rural-urban nexus in migration and livelihoods diversification. A case study of east Este Wereda and Bahir Dar town, Amhara Region. Addis Ababa: OSSREA.
- Ackah, C., & Medvedev, D. (2012). Internal migration in Ghana: Determinants and welfare impacts. International Journal of Social Economics, 39(10), 764–784.
- Adamnesh, A., Oucho, L., & Zeitlyn, B. (2014). Poverty, youth and rural-urban migration in Ethiopia (Working paper 17). Brighton: University of Sussex.
- AfDB, OECD & UNDP. (2015). Ethiopia: 2015. African Economic Outlook. Paris: OECD.
- Amhara Livelihood Zone Reports (ALZR). (2007). Quarit Woreda. West Gojam Administrative Zone, Retrieved from http://www.feg-consulting.com/feg-shared-folder/liu/amhara/woreda-profiles/Quarit.pdf
- Arhin, K. (1988). Economic differentiation among Ghanaian migrant cocoa farmers. Research Review, 4(1), 10–18.
- Atsede, D., & Penker, M. (2016). Determinants of rural out-migration in Ethiopia: Who stays and who goes? Demographic Research, 35(34), 1011–1014.
- Babatunde, R. O., Mark, M. F., Olagunju, F. I., & Olorunsanya, E. O. (2013). Determinants and effect of rural - urban migration among farming households in KwaraState, Nigeria. International Journal of Social Sciences Arts and Humanities, 1(2), 23–28.
- Banerjee, A. V., & Duflo, E. (2007). The economic lives of the poor. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(1), 141–167.
- Berhe, M. (2011). Determinants of internal and international migration in Ethiopia (PhD dissertation). Memorandum, Department of economics, University of Oslo.
- Bhatta, B. P., & Årethun, T. (2013). Barriers to rural households’ participation in low-skilled off-farm labor markets: Theory and empirical results from northern Ethiopia. Springer Plus, 2(1), 97.
- Bhattacharya, P. C. (2000). An analysis of rural‐to‐rural migration in India. Journal of International Development, 12(5), 655–667.
- Bilsborrow, R. E. (1992). Rural poverty, migration and the environment in Developing Countries: Three case studies (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 1017). Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Bohle, H. G. (2007). Living with vulnerability: Livelihoods and human security in risky environments. Bone: UNU-EHS.
- Carr, D. (2009). Rural migration: The driving force behind tropical deforestation on the settlement frontier. Progress in Human Geography, 33(3), 355.
- Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2006). Statistical report on the 2005 national labour force survey. Addis Ababa: Author.
- Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2007). EthioGIS database. Addis Ababa: CSA.
- Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2013). Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at Woreda level from 2014-2017. Addis Ababa: Author.
- Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2014). Statistical report on the 2013 national labour force survey. Addis Ababa: Author.
- Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2016). Agricultural sample survey, 2013/2015 (vol. 4). Report on land utilization. Addis Ababa: Author.
- Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2017). Agricultural sample survey, 2016/2017 (Vol. 2): Report on livestock and livestock characteristics. Addis Ababa: Author.
- Central Statistical Authority (CSA). (1998). The 1994 population and housing census of Ethiopia results at country level (vol. I): Statistical report. Addis Ababa: Author.
- de Haan, A. (1999). Livelihoods and poverty: The role of migration: A critical review of the migration literature. Journal of Development Studies, 36(2), 1–47.
- de Haan, A. (2000). Migrants, Livelihoods, and Rights: The Relevance of Migration in Development Policies (Social Development Working Paper). London: DFID.
- de Haan, A. (2002). Migration and livelihoods in historical perspective: A case study of Bihar, India. Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 115–142.
- de Haan, A., & Rogaly, B. (2002). Introduction: Migrant workers and their role in rural change. The Journal of Development Studies, 38(5), 1–14.
- de Haan, L., & Zoomers, A. (2003). Development geography at the crossroads of livelihood and globalization. Journal of Economic and Social Geography, 94(3), 350–362.
- de Haas, H. (2010). Migration and development: A theoretical perspective. International Migration Review, 44(1), 227–264.
- Deshingkar, P. (2004). Understanding the implications of migration for pro-poor agricultural growth. (Issues Paper). London: Overseas development institute.
- Deshingkar, P., & Start, D. (2003). Seasonal migration for livelihoods in India: coping, accumulation and exclusion (ODI Working Papers 220). London: Overseas Development Institute.
- Development for International Development (DFID). (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets. London: DFID.
- Dorosh, P., Alemu, G., De Brau, A., Malek, M., Mueller, V., Scmidt, E., … Thurlow, J. (2011). The rural-urban transformation in Ethiopia, Ethiopia Strategy Support Programmme (Ethiopia Development Research Institute Report).
- Drimie, S., & Casale, M. (2009). Multiple stressors in Southern Africa: The link between HIV/AIDS, food insecurity, poverty and children’s vulnerability now and in the future. AIDS Care, 21(S1), 28–33.
- Ellis, F. (2003). A livelihoods approach to migration and poverty reduction. A paper commissioned by the Department for International Development (DFID) (No.CNTR-034890).
- Farrington, J., Carney, D., Ashley, C., & Turton, C. (1999). Sustainable livelihoods in practice. Early applications of concepts in rural Areas. Natural resources perspectives 42. London: ODI.
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). (1995). The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. A Proclamation to Pronounce the Coming into Effect of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic repuplic of Ethiopia. Proclamation No 1/1995.
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). (2005). Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation. Proclamation No. 456/2005.
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). (2006). Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP), final draft. Addis Ababa.
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). (2010). Growth and transformation plan (GTP) draft. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED).
- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). (2015). The Second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTPII) (2015/16-2019/20) (Draft). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: National Planning Commission.
- Geest, K. (2010). Local perceptions of migration from North-West Ghana. Africa, 80(04), 595–619.
- Giesbert, L. (2007). Seeking opportunities: migration as an income diversification strategy of households in Kakamega District in Kenya (GIGA Working Papers 58). Hamburg, Germany: GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.
- Gray, C., & Mueller, V. (2012). Drought and population mobility in rural Ethiopia. World Development, 40(1), 134–145.
- Gray, C. L. (2008). Out-migration and rural livelihoods in the southern Ecuadorian Andes (PhD Dissertation).The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- Gujarati, D. (2004). Basic econometric (4th ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies.
- Hagen-Zanker, J. (2008). Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literature (Working Paper MGSoG/2008/WP002). Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, Maastricht University, Netherland.
- Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. The American Economic Review, 60(1), 126–142.
- Herrera, C., & Sahn, D. E. (2013). Determinants of internal migration among Senegalese youth. Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program Working Paper #245. Retrieved from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2229584
- Hossain, M. Z. (2001). Rural-urban migration in Bangladesh: A micro-level study. Presentation in a poster presentation session on Internal Migration. IUSSP Conference. Held at Brazil, 20th-24th, August. Retrieved from www.archive-iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S28_P02_Hossain.pdf
- Hurni, H. (1998). Agro-ecological Belts of Ethiopia: Explanatory notes on three maps at a scale of 1:1,000,000. Ethiopia: Soil Conservation Research Programme.
- Hussein, K., & Nelson, J. (1998). Sustainable livelihoods and livelihood diversification (IDS Working Paper 69).
- Ikramullah, G. S., & Rehman, N. U. (2011). Economic and social dimensions of rural-urban migration in Pakistan: Results from a recent survey in the North West Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(3), 119–126.
- International Development Committee (IDC). (2004). Migration and development: how to make migration work for poverty reduction (6th report of session 2003–04, Vol. 1). London: The stationery office limited.
- Jansen, H. G., Pender, J. L., Damon, A., & Schipper, R. A. (2006). Rural development policies and sustainable land use in the hillside areas of Honduras: A quantitative livelihoods approach (Vol. 147). Washington, DC.: IFPRI.
- Khandker, S. R., Khalily, M. B., & Samad, H. A. (2012). Seasonal migration to mitigate income seasonality: Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Development Studies, 48(8), 1063–1083.
- Khandker, S. R., & Mahmud, W. (2012). Seasonal hunger and public policies: Evidence from Northwest Bangladesh. Washington D.C.: World Bank Publications.
- King, B. (2011). Spatialisng livelihoods: Resource access and livelihoods spaces in South Africa. T.I.Bri Geographical, 36, 297–313.
- Kothari, U. (2002). Migration and Chronic Poverty (Chronic Poverty Research Centre Working Paper 16). Manchester: Institute for Development Policy and Management.
- Li, C., Li, S., Feldman, M. W., Daily, G. C., & Li, J. (2012). Does out-migration reshape rural households’ livelihood capitals in the source communities? Recent evidence from Western China. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 21(1), 1–30.
- Lucas, R. E. (2015). Internal migration in developing economies: An overview (KNOMAD Working Paper 6). Washington, DC.: World Bank.
- Lucas, R. E. B. (2007). Migration and rural development. Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, 4(1), 99–122.
- Mago, S. (2018). Migration as a livelihood strategy in Ethiopia: Fallacy or reality? International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 14, 230–244.
- Mahinchai, M. (2010). Determinants of migration: A Case study of Nang Rong, Thailand. (Master thesis). Durham, North Carolina, USA: Trinity College, Duke University.
- Markos, E. (2001). Ecological degradation, rural poverty, and migration in Ethiopia: A contextual analysis. (Policy Research Division Working Paper 149). New York: Population Council.
- Markos, E., & Kiros, G.-E. (2001). Rural out‐migration in the drought prone areas of Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis. International Migration Review, 35(3), 749–771.
- Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. (1993). Theories of international migration- a review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3), 431–466.
- Mberu, B. U. (2006). Internal migration and household living conditions in Ethiopia. Demographic Research, 14(21), 509–540.
- McDowell, C., & de Haan, A. (1997). Migration and Sustainable Livelihoods: A Critical Review of the Literature. IDS Working Paper 65. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
- Mendola, M. (2008). Migration and technological change in rural households: Complements or substitutes? Journal of Development Economics, 85(1), 150–175.
- Mora, J., & Taylor, J. E. (2006). Determinants of migration, destination, and sector choice: Disentangling individual, household, and community effects. In C. Özden & M. Schiff (eds), International migration, remittances, and the brain drain (pp. 21–52). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Overseas Development Institute. (2007). Rural employment and migration: In search of decent work (Briefing Paper 27). London: Author.
- Prayitno, G., Matsushima, K., Jeong, H., & Kobayashi, K. (2014). Social capital and migration in rural area development. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 20, 543–552.
- Quarit District Administration Office (QDAdO). (2015). Basic Socio-economic information about Quarit district. Unpublished Document.
- Regassa, N., & Yusufe, A. (2009). Gender differentials in migration impacts in Southern Ethiopia. Anthropologist, 11(2), 129–137.
- Rong, Z., Yang, L., & Yuan, Y. (2012). Labor migration choice and its impacts on households in rural China. In Annual Meeting of Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.. Seattle, Washington.
- Rwelamira, J., & Kirsten, J. (2003). The impact of migration and remittances to rural migration-sending households: The case of the Limpopo province, South Africa. (16–22 August). Pretoria, South Africa: Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa.
- Schmidt-Kallert, E. (2009). A new paradigm of urban transition: Tracing the livelihood strategies of multi-locational households. Die Erde, 140(3), 319.
- Schmidt-Kallert, E. (2012). Non-permanent migration and multilocality in the Global South. DIE ERDE–Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, 143(3), 173–176.
- Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis. (Working Paper 72). Brighton: IDS
- Shah, A. (2005). Land Degradation and Migration in a Dry Land Region in India (No. 26). SANDEE Working Paper No. 10-05.
- Shahbaz, B. (2008). Risk, vulnerability and sustainable livelihoods: Insights from Northwest Pakistan. Islamabad: Sustainable Development Policy Institute.
- Sharp, K., Devereux, S., & Amare, Y. (2003). Destitution in Ethiopia’s Northeastern Highlands (Amhara National Regional State). Bringhton: University of Sussex.
- Singh, N. P., & Varghese, N. (2011). Labour migration and its implications on rural economy of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265197242_Labour_Migration_and_its_Implications_on_Rural_Economy_of_Indo-Gangetic_Plains_of_India
- Sjaastad, L. A. (1962). Journal of political economy. The Costs and Returns of Human Migration, 70(5, part 2), 80–93.
- Sosina, B., & Holden, S. (2014). Are rural youth in Ethiopia abandoning agriculture? World Development, 64, 259–272.
- Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, Inc.
- Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. The American Economic Review, 75(2), 173–178.
- Syafitri, W. (2012). Determinants of labor migration decisions: The case of East Java, Indonesia (PhD dissertation). Kassel University: Kassel University Press.
- Tacoli, C. (2011). Not only climate change: Mobility, vulnerability and socio-economic transformations in environmentally fragile areas in Bolivia, Senegal and Tanzania. London: IIED.
- Tanle, A. (2015). Towards an integrated framework for analysing the links between migration and livelihoods. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography, 69(5), 257–264.
- Tesfaye, T. (2009).The predicaments of Amhara migrant-settlers in East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. In S. Ege, H. Aspen, B. Teferra, & S. Bekele (eds). Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Trondheim.
- Teshome, T. T. (2010). Food security situation in Ethiopia: The case of Amhara National regional state. Ryukoku Journal of Economics Studies, 50(1), 55–74.
- Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of migration and urban unemployment in less-developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59, 138–148.
- Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE). (1993). National population policy of Ethiopia. Ethiopia: Addis Ababa.
- Tsegaye, M. (2016). The political economy of the land-livelihoods nexus in an era of ecological change and the global land rush: access to land, land conflict and large-scale land xxv, acquisitions in Ethiopia (Doctoral dissertation). Erasmus University Rotterdam, Institute of Social Studies.
- UN. (2015). Integrating migration in the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda (position paper). Global Migration Group.
- UN. (2018). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. Online Edition. Retrieved from https://population.un.org/wup/Download/
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2009). Human Development Report 2009 - overcoming Barriers: Human mobility and development. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- VanWey, L. K. (2003). Land ownership as a determinant of temporary migration in Nang Rong, Thailand. European Journal of Population, 19(2), 121–145.
- VanWey, L. K. (2005). Land ownership as a determinant of international and internal migration in mexico and internal migration in thailand. International Migration Review, 39(1), 141-172.
- Woldie, A., Degefa, T., & Gete, Z. (2010). Causes and impacts of seasonal migration on rural livelihoods: Case studies from Amhara Region in Ethiopia. Norwegian Journal of Geography, 64, 58‐70.
- Wood, A. P. (1983). The decline of seasonal labour migration to the coffee forests of South-West Ethiopia. Geography, 68(1), 53–56.
- World Bank. (2007). Ethiopia Urban LaborMarkets in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects: Synthesis Report (Vols. 1–2). New York: Author.
- World Bank. (2010). The Ethiopian urban migration study 2008: The Characteristics, Motives and outcomes of Migrants to Addis Ababa (Report No. 55731-ET). New York: Author.
- World Bank. (2015). Ethiopia: poverty assessment 2014: poverty global practice Africa region (Report No. AUS6744). New York: Author.
- Zhao, Y. (2003). The role of migrant networks in labor migration: The case of China. Contemporary Economic Policy, 21(4), 500–511.