Effect of illegal small-scale mining on basic education of children in rural communities in Ghana: perspectives for future development

References

• Abebe, T., & Bessell, S. (2011). Dominant discourses, debates and silences on child labour in Africa and Asia. Third World Quarterly, 32(4), 765–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2011.567007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adu-Gyamfi, E. (2014). The effect of illegal mining on school attendance and academic performance of junior high school students in Upper Denkyira West District of Ghana. Journal of Education & Human Development, 3(1), 523–545. http://jehdnet.com/journals/jehd/Vol_3_No_1_March_2014/28.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Amegbey, N. A., Dankwa, J. B. K., & Al-Hassan, S. (1997). Small scale mining in Ghana-Techniques and environmental considerations. International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 11(3), 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/09208119708944077
   Google Scholar
• André, G., & Godin, M. (2014). Child labour, agency and family dynamics: The case of mining in Katanga (DRC). Childhood, 21(2), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568213488966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ankutse, B. (2016). Assessing the effects of mining on the educational life of children in the Asutifi District in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana [ Master’s thesis]. KNUST, Kumasi.
   Google Scholar
• Aryee, B. N., Ntibery, B. K., & Atorkui, E. (2003). Trends in the small-scale mining of precious minerals in Ghana: A perspective on its environmental impact. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00043-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azumah, F. D., Baah, E., & Nachinaab, J. O. (2020). Causes and effects of illegal gold mining (Galamsey) activities on school dropout and residents at the Tutuka Central Circuit in Obuasi Municipality in Ashanti Region, Ghana. Journal of Education, 002205742090510. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057420905109
   Google Scholar
• Banchirigah, S. M. (2008). Challenges with eradicating illegal mining in Ghana: A perspective from the grassroots. Resources Policy, 33(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botchwey, G., & Crawford, G. (2016). Impact of small-scale mining on education and livelihoods in Ghana. International Journal of Educational Leadership, 7(1), 105–116.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdillon, M. (2015). Labour as education. In T. Abebe & J. Waters (Eds.), Labouring and learning, geographies of children and children (Vol. 10, pp. 91–110). Springer Science+Business Media. h ttps://d oi.org/1 01007/978981458597231
   Google Scholar
• Collins, N., & Lawson, L. (2014). Investigating approaches to working with artisanal and small-scale miners: a compendium of strategies and reports from the field. Action Research Report. International Mining for Development Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Feigben, J. (2010). Child Labour and Children’s Education in Northern Region of Ghana. Case Study of Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo and East Mamprusi Districts [ Dissertation]. KNUST.
   Google Scholar
• Fold, N., Jønsson, J. B., & Yankson, P. (2014). Buying into formalization? State institutions and interlocked markets in African small-scale gold mining. Futures, 62, 128–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2013.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghana Children’s Act. (1998, December 30). Ghana: Act No. 560 of 1998, Children’s Act [Ghana]. National Legislative Bodies/National Authorities. http://www.refworld.org/docid/44bf86454.html
   Google Scholar
• GSS. (2014). District analytical report: Denkyembour. Ghana Statistical Service.
   Google Scholar
• Hentschel, T., Hruschka, F., & Priester, M. (2002). Global report on artisanal and small scale mining. Mining, minerals and sustainable development. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 70, 67.
   Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. (2001). A contextual review of the Ghanaian small-scale mining industry. Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, 76(September), 29. https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/G00722.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. (2002). Small-scale mining in Africa: Tackling pressing environmental problems with improved strategy. The Journal of Environment & Development, 11(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/10796502011002003
   Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. (2010). Child labor in African artisanal mining communities: Experiences from Northern Ghana. Development and Change, 41(3), 445–473. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01646.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. (2012). Family hardship and cultural values: Child labor in Malian small-scale gold mining communities. World Development, 40(8), 1663–1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. (2016). Artisanal and small-scale mining and agriculture. Exploring their limits in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainable Market, Issue paper IIED, London.
   Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. (2020). The ‘Zambia Model’: A blueprint for formalizing artisanal and small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa? Resources Policy, 68, 101765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G., & Garforth, C. (2013). ‘Everyone now is concentrating on the mining’: Drivers and implications of rural economic transition in the eastern region of Ghana. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(3), 348–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2012.713469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G., Hilson, A., & Adu-Darko, E. (2014). Chinese participation in Ghana’s informal gold mining economy: Drivers, implications and clarifications. Journal of Rural Studies, 34, 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G., Hilson, A., Maconachie, R., McQuilken, J., & Goumandakoye, H. (2017). Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in sub-Saharan Africa: Re-conceptualizing formalization and ‘illegal’activity. Geoforum, 83, 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G., Hu, Y., & Kumah, C. (2020). Locating female ‘Voices’ in the Minamata Convention on Mercury in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Ghana. Environmental Science & Policy, 107, 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G., Yakovleva, N., & Banchirigah, S. M. (2007). ‘To move or not to move’: Reflections on the resettlement of artisanal miners in the Western Region of Ghana. African Affairs, 106(424), 413–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ILO. (2020). What is child labor. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC). https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang–en/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Israel, G. D. (1992). Determining Sample Size. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS.
   Google Scholar
• Maconachie, R., & Hilson, G. (2016). Re-thinking the child labor “problem” in rural sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Sierra Leone’s Half Shovels. World Development, 78(c), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuilken, J., & Hilson, G. (2016). Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining in Ghana: Evidence to inform an ‘action Dialogue’. International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• Mihaye, J. (2013). Small-Scale Mining Operations and Their Effects in the East Akim Municipal Assembly [ Doctoral dissertation]. University of Ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Mwami, J. A., Sanga, A. J., & Nyoni, J. (2002). Child Labour in Mining: A Rapid assessment. International Labour Organisation (ILO), International Programme on the elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Okyere, S. (2013). Are working children’s rights and child labour abolition complementary or opposing realms? International Social Work, 56(1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872812459069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orleans-Boham, H., Sakyi-Addo, G. B., Tahiru, A., & Amankwah, R. K. (2020). Women in artisanal mining: Reflections on the impacts of a ban on operations in Ghana. Extractive Industries and Society, 7(2), 583–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.03.004
   Google Scholar
• Osei-Tutu, J. (2017). Learning and earning in the context of small-scale gold mining: Examining the compatibility of schooling and work in the lives of working young people in Ghana. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 7(3), 95-95. https://doi.org/10.1515/jesr-2017-0007
   Google Scholar
• Osei-Tutu, J., & Abebe, T. (2019). Tensions and controversies regarding child labor in small-scale gold mining in Ghana. African Geographical Review, 38(4), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2018.1480394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, R. (2003). The determinants of child labour and child schooling in Ghana. Journal of African Economies, 11(4), 561–590. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/11.4.561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sippl, K., & Selin, H. (2012). Global policy for local livelihoods: Phasing out mercury in artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 54(3), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2012.673452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temeng, V. A., & Abew, J. K. (2009). A review of alternative livelihood projects in some mining communities in Ghana. European Journal of Scientific Research, 35(2), 217–228. https://www.scirp.org/(S(351jmbntvnsjt1aadkposzje))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=74524
   Google Scholar
• Thorsen, D. (2012). Children working in mines and quarries: Evidence from West and Central Africa. UNICEF WCAR.
   Google Scholar
• Tikote, R. H., Magdum, M. M., & Khandare, M. A. (2017). Delay analysis in industrial projects by using relative importance index method. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(6), 1982–1988. https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i6/IRJET-V4I6377.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2020) The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). United Nations. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/education/
   Google Scholar
• Van Bockstael, S. (2014). The persistence of informality: Perspectives on the future of artisanal mining in Liberia. Futures, 62, 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2014.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veiga, M. M., & Marshall, B. G. (2019). The Colombian artisanal mining sector: Formalization is a heavy burden. The Extractive Industries and Society, 6(1), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.11.001
   Google Scholar
• Verbrugge, B. (2015). The economic logic of persistent informality: Artisanal and small‐scale mining in the southern Philippines. Development and Change, 46(5), 1023–1046. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbrugge, B., & Geenen, S. (2019). The gold commodity frontier: A fresh perspective on change and diversity in the global gold mining economy. The Extractive Industries and Society, 6(2), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.10.014
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2019). 2019 State of the Artisanal and small-scale mining sector.
   Google Scholar
• Zolnikov, T. R. (2012). Limitations in small artisanal gold mining addressed by educational components paired with alternative mining methods. Science of the Total Environment, 419, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar