Comprehension After Oral and Silent Reading: Does Grade Level Matter?

References

• Abramson , M. and Goldinger , S. D. 1997 . What the reader's eye tells the mind's ear: Silent reading activates inner speech . Perception & Psychophysics , 59 ( 7 ) : 1059 – 1068 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armbruster , B. B. and Wilkinson , A. G. 1991 . Silent reading, oral reading, and learning from text . The Reading Teacher , 45 : 145 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhardt , E. B. 1983 . Three approaches to reading comprehension in intermediate German . The Modern Language Journal , 67 : 111 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , Z. T. 1988 . A comparison of the effectiveness of sustained silent reading and directed reading activity on students' reading achievement . The High School Journal , 72 : 46 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs , L. S. and Maxwell , L. 1988 . Interactive effects of reading model, production format, and structural importance of text among LD pupils . Learning Disability Quarterly , 11 : 97 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , A. J. and Jacobson , M. D. 1980 . A comparison of the Fry, Spache, and Harris-Jacobson readability formulas for primary grades . Reading Teacher , 33 : 920 – 924 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helgren-Lempesis , V. A. and Mangrum , C. T. II . 1986 . An analysis of alternate-form of three commercially-prepared reading inventories . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 : 209 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , B. C. and Allison , R. W. 1985 . The effects of four modes of reading on children's comprehension . Reading Research and Instruction , 25 ( 1 ) : 9 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Juel , C. and Holmes , B. 1981 . Oral and silent reading of sentences . Reading Research Quarterly , 16 : 545 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketterlin-Geller , L. R. , Yovanoff , P. and Tindal , G. 2007 . Developing a new paradigm for conducting research on accommodations in mathematics testing . Exceptional Children , 73 ( 3 ) : 331 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragler , S. 1995 . The transition from oral to silent reading . Reading Psychology: An International Quarterly , 6 : 395 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Markwardt , F. C. 1998 . Peabody Individual Assessment Test—Revised , Circle Pines, MN : American Guidance Service, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Martí , E. 1996 . “ Mechanisms of internalisation and externalisation of knowledge in Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories ” . In Piaget–Vygotsky: The social genesis of thought , Edited by: Tryphon , A. and Vonèche , J. 56 – 83 . East Sussex, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCallum , R. S. , Sharp , S. , Bell , S. M. and George , T. 2004 . Silent versus oral reading comprehension and efficiency . Psychology in the Schools , 41 ( 2 ) : 241 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendak , P. A. 1986 . The use of silent reading in the primary grades . Reading Teacher , 39 : 636 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , S. D. and Smith , D. E. 1985 . Differences in literal and inferential comprehension after reading orally and silently . Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 ( 3 ) : 341 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , S. D. and Smith , D. E. 1990 . Relations among oral reading, silent reading and listening comprehension of students at differing competency levels . Reading Research and Instruction , 29 ( 2 ) : 73 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Mullikin , C. N. , Henk , W. H. and Fortner , B. H. 1992 . Effects of story versus play genres on the comprehension of high, average, and low-achieving junior high readers . Reading Psychology , 13 : 273 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development . 2000 . Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction , Washington, DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . NIH Publication No. 00–4769)
   Google Scholar
• New Brunswick Department of Education. (1998a). English language arts curriculum: Elementary K–3 http://www.gnb.ca/0000/publications/curric/englangartsk-3.pdf (http://www.gnb.ca/0000/publications/curric/englangartsk-3.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• New Brunswick Department of Education. (1998b). English language arts curriculum: Elementary 4–6 http://www.gnb.ca/0000/publications/curric/englangarts4-6.pdf (http://www.gnb.ca/0000/publications/curric/englangarts4-6.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Prior , S. M. and Welling , K. 2001 . Read in your head”: A Vygotskian analysis of the transition from oral to silent reading . Reading Psychology , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , M. 2000 . Be a good detective: Solve the case of oral reading fluency . The Reading Teacher , 53 : 534 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reutzel , D. R. , Jones , C. D. , Fawson , P. C. and Smith , J. A. 2008 . Scaffolded silent reading: A complement to guided repeated oral reading that works! . The Reading Teacher , 62 ( 3 ) : 194 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salasoo , A. 1986 . Cognitive processing in oral and silent reading comprehension . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 ( 1 ) : 59 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwanenflugel , P. J. and Ruston , H. P. 2007 . “ Becoming a fluent reader: From theory to practice ” . In Fluency in the classroom , Edited by: Kuhn , M. R. and Schwanenflugel , P. J. 1 – 16 . New York, NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shanker , J. L. and Ekwall , E. E. 2000 . Ekwall/Shanker Reading Inventory , 4th , Needham Heights, MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2009). Highest level of educational attainment for the population aged 25 to 64, percentage distribution for both sexes, for Canada and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97560/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Dist&Sex=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page (http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97560/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Dist&Sex=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page)
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , N. E. and Connor , U. 1982 . Silent vs oral reading: The rational instruction use of both processes . The Reading Teacher , 35 : 440 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , L. S. 1934/1986 . Thought and language , Edited by: Kozulin , A. Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , L. S. 1978 . Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes , Edited by: Cole , M. , John-Steiner , V. , Scribner , S. and Souberman , E. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wertsch , J. V. 1985 . Vygotsky and the social formation of mind , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wertsch , J. V. and Stone , C. A. 1985 . “ The concept of internalization in Vygotsky's account of the genesis of higher mental functions ” . In Culture, communication, and cognition: Vygtoskian perspectives , Edited by: Wertsch , J. V. 162 – 179 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wertsch , J. V. 2007 . “ Mediation ” . In The Cambridge companion to Vygotsky , Edited by: Daniels , H. , Cole , M. and Wertsch , J. V. Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , I. A. G. and Anderson , R. C. 1995 . Sociocognitive processes in guided silent reading: A microanalysis of small-group lessons . Reading Research Quarterly , 30 ( 4 ) : 710 – 740 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar