Annoying Tourist Behaviors: Perspectives of Hosts and Tourists in Macao

References

• Allen , R. L. , Long , P. T. , Perdue , R. and Kieselbach , S. 1988 . The impact of tourism development on residents' perceptions of community life . Journal of Travel Research , 27 ( 1 ) : 16 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Argyle , M. 1975 . Bodily communication , London , , England : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, W. (2005, October 21). Chinese tourists getting a bad image. http://www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=/articles/2005/10/21/business/tourists.php (http://www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=/articles/2005/10/21/business/tourists.php)
   Google Scholar
• Ball , P. 2004 . Critical mass: How one thing leads to another , London , , England : Arrow .
   Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2002, July 31). Who are the world's worst tourists? http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/2138252.stm (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/2138252.stm)
   Google Scholar
• Bell , P. , Fisher , J. and Loomis , R. 1978 . Environmental psychology , Philadelphia , PA : W.B. Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Bitgood , S. 2003 . Visitor orientation: When are museums similar to casinos? . Visitor Studies Today , 6 ( 1 ) : 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Bitgood , S. 2006 . An analysis of visitor circulation: Movement patterns and the general value principle . Curator: The Museum Journal , 49 ( 4 ) : 463 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Blackden , P. 2004 . Holidaymakers from hell—Shocking behaviour by tourists abroad , London , , England : Virgin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bowen , D. and Clarke , J. 2009 . Contemporary tourist behaviour: Yourself and others as tourists , Wallingford , , England : CABI .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , T. J. 1999 . Antecedents of culturally significant tourist behaviour . Annals of Tourism Research , 26 ( 3 ) : 676 – 700 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruner , J. S. and Postman , L. 1949 . Perception, cognition, and behavior . Journal of Personality , 18 ( 1 ) : 14 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhalis , D. 2000 . Marketing the competitive destination of the future . Tourism Management , 21 ( 1 ) : 97 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Business Standard. (2012). Japanese voted world's best tourists by hoteliers. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/japanese-voted-world%5Cs-best-tourists-by-hoteliers/363427/ (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/japanese-voted-world%5Cs-best-tourists-by-hoteliers/363427/)
   Google Scholar
• Caneday , L. and Zeiger , J. 1991 . The social, economic, and environmental costs of tourism to gaming community as perceived by its residents . Journal of Travel Research , 30 ( 2 ) : 45 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S. C. (2011). Minimizing dissonance when hosting Mainland Chinese tourists: A model of understanding their role—Clarity and self-efficacy in service delivery. Paper presented at the 2011 International CHRIE Conference, Denver, CO, July, 2011. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1598&context=refereed (http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1598&context=refereed)
   Google Scholar
• China Daily. (2006, September 2). Guidebook spells out etiquette for tourists. http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/179938.htm (http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/179938.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Chio, J. (2010). China's campaign for civilized tourism: What to do when tourists behave badly. http://uts.academia.edu/JennyChio/Papers/326020/Chinas_Campaign_ for_Civilized_Tourism_What_to_Do_When_Tourists_Behave_Badly (http://uts.academia.edu/JennyChio/Papers/326020/Chinas_Campaign_ for_Civilized_Tourism_What_to_Do_When_Tourists_Behave_Badly)
   Google Scholar
• Chu , R. K. S. and Choi , T. 2000 . An importance–performance analysis of hotel selection factors in the Hong Kong hotel industry: A comparison of business and leisure travellers . Tourism Management , 21 ( 4 ) : 363 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collett , P. 2004 . The book of tells , London , , England : Bantam Books .
   Google Scholar
• Cronen , V. E. and Shuter , R. 1983 . “ Forming intercultural bonds ” . In Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives , Edited by: Gudykunst , W. B. 89 – 118 . Beverley Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dann , G. 1993 . “ Limitations in the use of “nationality” and country of residence variables ” . In Tourism research: Critiques and challenges , Edited by: Pearce , D. and Butler , R. 88 – 112 . London , , England : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Dogan , H. Z. 1989 . Forms of adjustments: Socio-cultural impacts of tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 16 ( 2 ) : 216 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eibl-Eibesfeldt , I. 1989 . Human ethology , New York , NY : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , M. R. and Chon , K. S. 1989 . Formulating and evaluating tourism policy using importance–performance analysis . Hospitality Education and Research Journal , 13 ( 1 ) : 203 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Falk , J. H. , Ballantyne , R. , Packer , J. and Benckendorff , P. 2012 . Travel and learning: A neglected tourism research area . Annals of Tourism Research , 39 ( 2 ) : 908 – 927 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1959 . The presentation of self in everyday life , New York , NY : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Grossberg , R. , Treves , A. and Naughton-Treves , L. 2003 . The incidental ecotourist: Measuring visitor impacts on endangered howler monkeys at a Belizean archaeological site . Environmental Conservation , 30 ( 1 ) : 40 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawes , J. M. and Rao , C. P. 1985 . Using importance–performance analysis to develop health care marketing strategies . Journal of Health Care Marketing , 5 ( 4 ) : 19 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hinde , R. 1972 . Non-verbal communication , Cambridge , MA : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , C. H. C. , Byun , S. and Yang , I. S. 1997 . Attitudes of Korean college students towards quick-service, family-style, and fine dining restaurants . Journal of Restaurant & Foodservice Marketing , 2 ( 4 ) : 65 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Inskeep , E. 1991 . Tourism planning: An integrated and sustainable development approach , New York , NY : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson , S. K. and Lopez , A. F. 1994 . Biological impacts of ecotourism: Tourists and nesting turtles in Tortuguero National Park, Costa Rica . Wildlife Society Bulletin , 22 ( 3 ) : 414 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns , N. 2002 . Market segmentation and the prediction of tourist behavior: The case of Bornholm, Denmark . Journal of Travel Research , 40 ( 3 ) : 316 – 327 .
   Google Scholar
• Jurowski , C. , Uysal , M. and Williams , D. R. 1997 . A theoretical analysis of host community residents reactions to tourism . Journal of Travel Research , 36 ( 2 ) : 3 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Kavallins , I. and Pizam , A. 1994 . The environmental impact of tourism—Whose responsibility is it anyway? The case study of Mykonos . Journal of Travel Research , 33 ( 2 ) : 26 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Keyt , J. C. , Yavas , U. and Riecken , G. 1994 . Importance–performance analysis: A case study in restaurant positioning . International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management , 22 ( 5 ) : 35 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Kozak , M. and DeCrop , A. 2009 . Handbook of tourist behaviour: Theory and practice , New York , NY : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Laverie , D. A. and Arnett , D. B. 2000 . Factors affecting fan attendance: The influence of identity salience and satisfaction . Journal of Leisure Research , 32 ( 2 ) : 225 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson , R. W. , William , J. , Young , T. and Cossens , J. 1998 . A comparison of residents' attitudes towards tourism in 10 New Zealand destinations . Tourism Management , 19 ( 3 ) : 247 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemieux , A. and Felson , M. 2011 . “ Tourist and visitor crime ” . In International crime and justice , Edited by: Natarajan , M. 223 – 228 . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , R. C. and Chambers , R. E. 1989 . Marketing leadership in hospitality , New York , NY : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Loukissas , P. 1993 . Public participation in community tourism planning: A gaming simulation approach . Journal of Travel Research , 22 ( 1 ) : 18 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Macao Health Bureau. (2012). No smoking ordinance now in effect in Macau. Retrieved from http://portal.gov.mo/web/guest/info_detail?infoid=139164 (http://portal.gov.mo/web/guest/info_detail?infoid=139164)
   Google Scholar
• Macao Statistics and Census Service. (2012a). 2011 Census preliminary results. http://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/b6419af3-ba5a-4024-ba3a-3cf172198c9f/E_CENP_PUB_2011_Y.aspx (http://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/b6419af3-ba5a-4024-ba3a-3cf172198c9f/E_CENP_PUB_2011_Y.aspx)
   Google Scholar
• Macao Statistics and Census Service. (2012b). Median monthly earnings of employed population. http://www.dsec.gov.mo/TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx?lang=en-US&KeyIndicator ID=25 (http://www.dsec.gov.mo/TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx?lang=en-US&KeyIndicator ID=25)
   Google Scholar
• Macao Statistics and Census Service. (2012c). Principal statistical indicators of Macao—3rd quarter 2011. http://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/6e7fa109-2159-4354-b313-ce0ff995ae2e/E_PIEM_FR_2011_Q3.aspx (http://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/6e7fa109-2159-4354-b313-ce0ff995ae2e/E_PIEM_FR_2011_Q3.aspx)
   Google Scholar
• Macao Statistics and Census Service. (2012d). Time series data base—Tourism. http://www.dsec.gov.mo/TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx (http://www.dsec.gov.mo/TimeSeriesDatabase.aspx)
   Google Scholar
• Malinowski , B. 2006 . Argonauts of the Western Pacific , New York , NY : Routledge. (Original work published 1922) .
   Google Scholar
• Mansfeld , Y. 1992 . Tourism: Towards a behavioural approach: The choice of destination and its impact on spatial behaviour . Progress in Planning , 38 ( 1 ) : 1 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Maoz , D. 2006 . The mutual gaze . Annals of Tourism Research , 33 ( 1 ) : 221 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , D. W. 1995 . An importance–performance analysis of service providers' perception of quality service in the hotel industry . Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing , 3 ( 1 ) : 5 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Melton , A. W. 1933 . Studies of installation at the Pennsylvania Museum of Art . Museum News , 10 ( 14 ) : 5 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Melton , A. W. 1936 . Distribution of attention in galleries in a museum of science and industry . Museum News , 14 ( 3 ) : 6 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Melton , A. W. 1972 . Visitor behavior in museums: Some early research in environmental design . Human Factors , 14 ( 5 ) : 393 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milman , A. and Pizam , A. 1988 . Socio impacts of tourism on central Florida . Annals of Tourism Research , 15 ( 2 ) : 191 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , M. , Lugosi , P. and Ritchie , J. R. B. 2010 . The tourism and leisure experience: Consumer and managerial perspectives , Bristol , , England : Channel View .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , D. 1985 . Bodywatching. A field guide to the human species , London , , England : Jonathan Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , M. W. and Mason , M. F. 2009 . Intentionality in intuitive versus analytical processing: Insights from social cognitive neuroscience . Psychological Inquiry , 20 ( 1 ) : 58 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscardo , G. 1996 . Mindful visitors: Heritage and tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 23 ( 2 ) : 376 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , P. E. 1985 . Tourism: A community approach , New York , NY : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Nanda, S. S. (2008). Social marketing for national prestige projects—A proposed social change campaign model for the Commonwealth Games 2010. Retrieved from http://ndc.nic.in/research_papers/Ndc_paper_1_2008.pdf (http://ndc.nic.in/research_papers/Ndc_paper_1_2008.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Oh , H. 2001 . Revisiting importance–performance analysis . Tourism Management , 22 ( 6 ) : 617 – 627 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppermann , M. 1999 . Predicting destination choice—A discussion of destination loyalty . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 5 ( 1 ) : 51 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Orams , M. B. and Hill , G. J. E. 1998 . Controlling the ecotourist in a wild dolphin feeding program: Is education the answer? . Journal of Environmental Education , 29 ( 3 ) : 33 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Payne , D. and Dimanche , F. 1996 . Towards a code of conduct for the tourism industry: An ethics model . Journal of Business Ethics , 15 ( 9 ) : 997 – 1007 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Associates , Pearce . 1999 . Using CMM, “The coordinated management of meaning.” , San Mateo , CA : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , B. 2005 . “ The coordinated management of meaning (CMM) ” . In Theorizing about intercultural communication , Edited by: Gudykunst , W. B. 35 – 54 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , P. L. 1995 . From culture shock and culture arrogance to culture exchange: Ideas towards sustainable socio-cultural tourism . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 3 ( 3 ) : 143 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , P. L. 2005 . Tourist behaviour themes and conceptual schemes , Clevedon , , England : Channel View .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , P. L. 2011a . Tourist behaviour and the contemporary world , Bristol , , England : Channel View .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , P. L. 2011b . Tourism scams: Exploring the dimensions of an international tourism phenomenon . European Journal of Tourism Research , 4 ( 2 ) : 147 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , P. L. , Kim , E. and Lussa , S. 1998 . “ Facilitating tourist host social interaction: An overview and assessment of the Culture Assimilator ” . In Embracing and managing change in tourism: International case studies , Edited by: Laws , E. , Moscardo , G. and Faulkner , B. 347 – 364 . London , , England : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , P. L. , Moscardo , G. M. and Ross , G. F. 1996 . Tourism community relationships , Oxford , , England : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Philipsen , G. 1995 . “ The coordinated management of meaning—Theory of Pearce, Cronen and Associates ” . In Watershed research traditions in human communication theory , Edited by: Cushman , D. P. and Kovacic , B. 13 – 44 . New York , NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pizam , A. 1978 . Tourist impacts: The social costs to the destination community as perceived by its residents . Journal of Travel Research , 16 ( 1 ) : 8 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Pizam , A. 1999a . The American group tourist as viewed by British, Israeli, Korean and Dutch tour guides . Journal of Travel Research , 38 ( 2 ) : 119 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Pizam , A. 1999b . “ Cross-cultural tourist behavior ” . In Consumer behavior in travel and tourism ( , Edited by: Pizam , A. and Mansfeld , Y. 393 – 412 . New York , NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pizam , A. , Jansen-Verbeke , M. and Steel , L. 1997 . Are all tourists alike regardless of nationality? The perceptions of Dutch tour-guides . Journal of International Hospitality, Leisure & Tourism Management , 1 ( 1 ) : 19 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Pizam , A. and Mansfeld , Y. 2000 . Consumer behaviour in travel and tourism , New York , NY : The Haworth Hospitality Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pizam , A. and Sussman , S. 1995 . Does nationality affect tourist behavior? . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 4 ) : 901 – 917 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisinger , Y. and Turner , L. 2003 . Cross-cultural behaviour in tourism , Oxford , , England : Butterworth Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , G. F. 1991 . “ A survey of the perceived effects of tourism on older and long-term residents of an Australian city ” . In Unpublished manuscript, James Cook University of North Queensland Australia
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , C. , Scotland , A. and Montgomery , D. 1998 . Resident attitudes to tourism development—A comparative study between the Rangitikei, New Zealand and Bakewell, United Kingdom . Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research , 4 ( 2 ) : 115 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Seaton , A. V. 2002 . “ Tourism as metempsychosis and metensomatosis: The personae of eternal recurrence ” . In The tourist as a metaphor of the social world , Edited by: Dann , G. M. S. 135 – 168 . Wallingford , , England : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Seddighi , H. R. and Theocharous , A. L. 2002 . A model of tourism destination choice: A theoretical and empirical analysis . Tourism Management , 23 ( 5 ) : 475 – 487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , J. and Shaughnessy , M. F. 1996 . An interview with Bernard Weiner . Educational Psychology Review , 8 ( 2 ) : 165 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , V. L. 1989 . Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourism , 2nd , Philadelphia , PA : The University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Trauer , B. and Ryan , C. 2005 . Destination image, romance and place experience—An application of intimacy theory in tourism . Tourism Management , 26 ( 4 ) : 481 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , C. , Bochner , S. and Furnham , A. 2001 . The psychology of culture shock , 2nd , East Sussex , , England : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , B. 2010 . The development of an attribution-based theory of motivation: A history of ideas . Educational Psychologist , 45 ( 1 ) : 28 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, C. (2006, October 5). Chinese travelers' uncivil liberties. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HJ05Ad01.html (http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HJ05Ad01.html)
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, R. (2006, October 8). Chinese tourists' bad behavior to be curbed. http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Oct/183079.htm (http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Oct/183079.htm)
   Google Scholar