References
- Aitchison , C. C. 2006 . The critical and the cultural: Explaining the divergent paths of leisure studies and tourism studies . Leisure Studies , 25 ( 4 ) : 417 – 422 .
- Ajzen , I. 2001 . Nature and operation of attitudes . Annual Review of Psychology , 52 ( 1 ) : 27 – 58 .
- Ajzen , I. , Timko , C. and White , J. B. 1982 . Self-monitoring and the attitude–behavior relation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 42 ( 3 ) : 426 – 435 .
- Ap , J. and Wong , K. K. F. 2001 . Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems . Tourism Management , 22 ( 5 ) : 551 – 563 .
- Atleljevic , I. , Pritchard , A. and Morgan , N. 2007 . The critical turn in tourism studies , London , , England : Elsevier .
- Bond , M. H. 1991 . Beyond the Chinese face: Insights from psychology , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
- Botterill, D. (2006). A realist critique of the situated voice in tourism studies. Paper presented at the 16th CAUTHE Annual Conference “To the City and Beyond,” Melbourne, Australia, February. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=678632427 808923;res=IELHSS (http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=678632427 808923;res=IELHSS)
- Canan , P. and Hennessy , M. 1989 . The growth machine, tourism, and the selling of culture . Sociological Perspectives , 32 ( 2 ) : 227 – 243 .
- Chen , G. M. and Starosta , W. J. 1998 . Chinese conflict management and resolution: Overview and implications . Intercultural Communication Studies , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
- Cheong , S. M. and Miller , M. M. 2000 . Power and tourism: A Foucauldian observation . Annals of Tourism Research , 27 ( 2 ) : 371 – 390 .
- Cohen , E. 1985 . The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role . Annals of Tourism Research , 12 ( 1 ) : 5 – 29 .
- Cohen , E. H. , Ifergan , M. and Cohen , E. 2002 . A new paradigm in guiding: The Madrich as a role model . Annals of Tourism Research , 29 ( 4 ) : 919 – 932 .
- Cort , D. A. and King , M. 1979 . Some correlates of culture shock among American tourists in Africa . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 3 ( 2 ) : 211 – 225 .
- Cushner , K. 1989 . Assessing the impact of a culture-general assimilator . International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 12 ( 2 ) : 125 – 145 .
- Cushner , K. and Brislin , R. W. 1996 . Intercultural interactions: A practical guide , 2nd , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Dahles , H. 2002 . The politics of tour guiding: Image management in Indonesia . Annals of Tourism Research , 29 ( 3 ) : 783 – 800 .
- Dann , G. M. S. 1993 . “ Limitations in the use of nationality and country of residence variables ” . In Tourism research: Critiques and challenges , Edited by: Pearce , D. and Butler , R. 88 – 112 . London , , England : Routledge .
- Dann , G. M. S. 1996 . The languate of tourism: A sociolinguistic perspective , Wallingford , , England : CAB International .
- Dann , G. M. S. 2002 . The tourist as a metaphor of the social world , Wallingford , , England : CAB International .
- DeBono , K. G. 1987 . Investigating the social-adjustive and value-expressive functions of attitudes: Implications for persuasion processes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 ( 2 ) : 279 – 287 .
- Del Casino , V. J. and Hanna , S. P. 2000 . Representations and identities in tourism map spaces . Progress in Human Geography , 24 ( 1 ) : 23 – 46 .
- Des Forges , R. 2003 . Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history: Northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming , Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press .
- Evans-Pritchard , D. 1989 . How “they” see “us”: Native American images of tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 16 ( 1 ) : 89 – 105 .
- Fine , E. C. and Speer , J. H. 1985 . Tour guides’ performances as sight sacralization . Annals of Tourism Research , 12 ( 1 ) : 73 – 95 .
- Forester , J. 1989 . Planning in the face of power , Berkeley , CA : University of California Press .
- Forester , J. 1993 . Critical theory, public policy and planning practice: Towards a critical pragmatism , Albany , NY : State University of New York Press .
- Forester , J. 1996 . “ The rationality of listening, emotional sensitivity, and moral vision ” . In In explorations in planning theory , Edited by: Mandelbaum , S. J. , Mazza , L. and Burchell , R. W. 204 – 224 . Brunswick , NJ : Center for Policy Research, Rutgers University .
- Gatrell , J. D. and Collins-Krenier , N. 2006 . Negotiated space: Tourists, pilgrims, and the Bahai terraced gardens in Haifa . Geoforum , 37 ( 5 ) : 765 – 778 .
- Geva , A. and Goldman , A. 1991 . Satisfaction measurement in guided tours . Annals of Tourism Research , 18 ( 2 ) : 177 – 185 .
- Habermas , J. 1984 . The theory of communicative action, (Vol , Vol. 1) , Boston , MA : Beacon Press . Reason and the rationalization of society (T. McCarthy, Trans.).
- Harrill , R. 2004 . Resident attitudes toward tourism development: A literature review with implications for tourism planning . Journal of Planning Literature , 18 ( 3 ) : 251 – 266 .
- Hollinshead , K. 2006 . The shift to constructivism in social inquiry: Some pointers for tourism studies . Tourism Recreation Research , 31 ( 2 ) : 43 – 58 .
- Holloway , J. C. 1981 . The guided tour: A sociological approach . Annals of Tourism Research , 8 ( 3 ) : 377 – 402 .
- Jamal , T. and Evertt , J. 2004 . Resisting rationalization in the natural and academic life-world: Critical tourism research or hermeneutic charity . Current Issues in Tourism , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
- Jordan , J. W. 1980 . The summer people and the natives: Some effects of tourism in a Vermont vacation village . Annals of Tourism Research , 7 ( 1 ) : 34 – 55 .
- Katz , D. 1960 . The functional approach to the study of attitudes . Public Opinion Quarterly , 24 ( 2 ) : 163 – 204 .
- Kingsbury , P. T. and Brunn , S. D. 2003 . Freud, tourism, and terror: Traversing the fantasies of post–September 11 travel magazines . Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing , 15 ( 2/3 ) : 39 – 62 .
- Kirkwood , W. G. 1995 . Revealing the mind of the sage: The narrative rhetoric of the Chuang Tzu 1 . Rhetoric Society Quarterly , 25 ( 1–4 ) : 134 – 148 .
- Kwortnik , R. J. Jr. 2003 . Clarifying “fuzzy” hospitality-management problems with depth interviews and qualitative analysis . Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly , 44 ( 2 ) : 117 – 129 .
- Li , L. C. 2007 . Working for the peasants? Strategic interactions and unintended consequences in Chinese rural tax reform . The China Journal , 57 : 89 – 106 .
- Liu , A. and Wall , G. 2005 . Human resources development in China . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 3 ) : 689 – 710 .
- Mao , T.-T. 1964 . Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung , Government of the People's Republic of China . 毛主席語錄
- Madrigal , R. 1994 . Residents’ perceptions and the role of government . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 1 ) : 86 – 102 .
- Martin , B. , McGuire , F. and Allen , L. 1998 . Retirees’ attitudes toward tourism: Implications for sustainable development . Tourism Analysis , 3 ( 1 ) : 43 – 51 .
- Mellinger , W. M. 1994 . Toward a critical analysis of tourism representations . Annals of Tourism Research , 21 ( 4 ) : 756 – 779 .
- Miles , M. B. and Huberman , A. M. 1994 . Qualitative data analysis , 2nd , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Mordue , T. 2005 . Tourism, performance and social exclusion in “Old York.” . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 1 ) : 179 – 198 .
- Nyíri , P. 2007 . Scenic spots: Chinese tourism, the state, and cultural authority , Seattle , WA : University of Washington Press .
- Ooi , C. S. 2005 . The orient responds: Tourism, orientalism and the national museums of Singapore . Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal , 53 ( 4 ) : 285 – 299 .
- Patton , M. Q. 2002 . Qualitative research and evaluation methods , 3rd , Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Pearce , P. L. 1984 . Tourist–guide interaction . Annals of Tourism Research , 11 ( 1 ) : 129 – 146 .
- Pizam , A. 1999 . The American group tourist as viewed by British, Israeli, Korean, and Dutch tour guides . Journal of Travel Research , 38 ( 2 ) : 119 – 126 .
- Pizam , A. and Jeong , G. H. 1996 . Cross-cultural tourist behavior: Perceptions of Korean tour-guides . Tourism Management , 17 ( 4 ) : 277 – 286 .
- Pretes , M. 1995 . Postmodern tourism: The Santa Claus industry . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
- Pritchard , A. and Morgan , N. J. 2001 . Culture, identity and tourism representation: Marketing Cymru or Wales? . Tourism Management , 22 ( 2 ) : 167 – 179 .
- Pritchard , A. and Morgan , N. 2006 . Hotel Babylon? Exploring hotels as liminal sites of transition and transgression . Tourism Management , 27 ( 5 ) : 762 – 772 .
- Pritchard , M. P. and Havitz , M. E. 2006 . Destination appraisal: An analysis of critical incidents . Annals of Tourism Research , 33 ( 1 ) : 25 – 46 .
- Reisinger , Y. and Steiner , C. J. 2006 . Reconceptualizing object authenticity . Annals of Tourism Research , 33 ( 1 ) : 65 – 86 .
- Riley , R. W. and Love , L. L. 2000 . The state of qualitative tourism research . Annals of Tourism Research , 27 ( 1 ) : 164 – 187 .
- Salazar , N. B. 2005 . Tourism and glocalization: “Local” tour guiding . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 3 ) : 628 – 646 .
- Salazar , N. B. 2006 . Touristifying Tanzania: Local guides, global discourse . Annals of Tourism Research , 33 ( 3 ) : 833 – 852 .
- Schank , R. C. 1990 . Tell me a story: A new look at real and artificial memory , New York , NY : Charles Scribner .
- Steiner , C. J. and Reisinger , Y. 2006 . Understanding existential authenticity . Annals of Tourism Research , 33 ( 2 ) : 299 – 318 .
- Strauss , A. L. 1997 . Qualitative analysis for social scientists , Cambridge , , England : Cambridge University Press .
- World Tourism Organization and the European Travel Commission . 2008 . The Chinese outbound travel market with special insight into the image of Europe as a destination , Madrid , , Spain : Author .
- Yang , L. , Wall , G. and Smith , S. L. J. 2008 . Ethnic tourism development: Chinese government perspectives . Annals of Tourism Research , 35 ( 3 ) : 751 – 771 .
- Yu , X. , Weiler , B. and Ham , S. 2001 . Intercultural communication and mediation: A framework for analysing the intercultural competence of Chinese tour guides . Journal of Vacation Marketing , 8 ( 1 ) : 75 – 87 .
- Ze, D. (1995). Walter Ong's Paradigm and Chinese Literacy. 20(4), n. pag. Retrieved from http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/894/800 (http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/894/800)
- Zhang , H. Q. and Chow , I. 2004 . Application of importance–performance model in tour guides’ performance: Evidence from Mainland Chinese outbound visitors in Hong Kong . Tourism Management , 25 ( 1 ) : 81 – 91 .
- Zorn , E. and Farthing , L. C. 2007 . Communitarian tourism hosts and mediators in Peru . Annals of Tourism Research , 34 ( 3 ) : 673 – 689 .