References

• Adler, J. A. (2011). Confucianism in China today. Retrieved from https://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Confucianism%20Today.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Apple Next Media Travel. (2007). 好想飛:愛在東京上集. Apple Next Media Travel. Retrieved from https://hk.lifestyle.appledaily.com/lifestyle/travel/daily/article/20070629/7266001
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, R. (2013, March 14).Do you know your CEO? The eight essential leadership skills. Marketing. Retrieved from http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/know-ceo-eight-essential-leadership-skills/1174126?src_site=marketingmagazine
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9–32.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., & Goodheim, L. (1987). Biography and the assessment of transformational leadership at the world-class level. Journal of Management, 13(1), 7–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatter, J. K. (2008). Case study. In L. M. Given (Ed), The sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (pp. 68–71). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bloomberg. (2012). Biography Stephen Ho. Retrieved from http://www.umac.mo/apaem/education/staff_cv/APAEM_Bio_Stephen_Ho.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Boyne, S. (2010). Leadership research in hospitality: A critical review. Education, 17, 20–27.
   Google Scholar
• Brownell, J. (2010). Leadership in the service of hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(3), 363–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, N. (2015, May 2). Interview with Stephen Ho: Leading with a passion for people. Travel Weekly Asia. Retrieved from http://www.travelweekly-asia.com/Hospitality/An-Interview-with-Stephen-Ho-Leading-with-a-passion-for-people/49149
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. F., & Tjosvold, D. (2005). Cross-cultural leadership: Goal interdependence and leader-member relations in foreign ventures in China. Journal of International Management, 11(3), 417–439.
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, C., King, B., & Wong, A. (2018). What does the industry need to know about Chinese hospitality leadership? Journal of China Tourism Research, 14(2), 177–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, R. A., Hartline, M. D., & Jones, K. C. (2009). The effects of leadership style on hotel employees’ commitment to service quality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 50(2), 209–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CNBC. (2012, December 9).Sun Hung Kai properties: Good year for hotels. CNBC. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/video/2012/12/09/sun-hung-kai-properties-good-year-for-hotels.html
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, H. (1970). Bureaucratic flexibility: Some comments on Robert Merton’s ‘Bureaucratic structure and personality’. The British Journal of Sociology, 21(4), 390–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., & McKee, R. A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25 years of research and theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 63–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J. (2014). Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 36–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorfman, P. W., Howell, J. P., Hibino, S., Lee, J. K., Tate, U., & Bautista, A. (1997). Leadership in Western and Asian countries: Commonalities and differences in effective leadership processes across cultures. The Leadership Quarterly, 8(3), 233–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elite Traveler. (2017). Leaders in luxury - Ricco DeBlank. Elite Traveler. Retrieved from http://www.elitetraveler.com/leaders-in-luxury/ricco-deblank
   Google Scholar
• English, T., & Chen, S. (2007). Culture and self-concept stability: Consistency across and within contexts among Asian Americans and European Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), 478–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, M. (2006). The Tokyo hotel wars. nstitutional investor (p. 1). New York: Euromoney Institution Investor PLC. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/221576987?accountid=16210
   Google Scholar
• Gorenak, M., & Ferjan, M. (2015). The influence of organizational values on competencies of managers. (Business administration and management). E+M Ekonomie a Management, 18(1), 67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdi, R. (2015). Does industry need behemoth like Marriott_Starwood. TTG Asia. Retrieved from http://www.ttgasia.com/2015/11/17/does-industry-need-behemoth-like-marriottstarwood/
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede’s culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach’s value survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15(4), 417–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong Kong Youth Ballet Academy. (2017). Virginia de Blank. Retrieved from https://www.hkybacademy.com/virginia-de-blank
   Google Scholar
• Hospitality Educators about the Quality of Leadership. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.hospitalityeducators.com/articles/20110914_2#.XCxCDlUzbX4
   Google Scholar
• Hospitality Net. (2015). Beyond the business: The culture makes Marriott great. Retrieved from https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4069364.html
   Google Scholar
• Hotelschool The Hague. (2017). Welcome to HTH. Retrieved from https://hotelschool.nl/en/about-us/our-organisation
   Google Scholar
• Hyatt - Our company. (2018). Retrieved from http://investors.hyatt.com/investor-relations/our-company/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Hyatt - Our story. (2018). Retrieved from https://about.hyatt.com/en.html
   Google Scholar
• Kamisan, P. A., & King, B. E. M. (2013). Transactional and transformational leadership: A comparative study of the difference between Tony Fernandes (Airasia) and Idris Jala (Malaysia Airlines) leadership styles from 2005–2009. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(24), 107–116.
   Google Scholar
• Kok, D. (2016, February 3). The art of travel: Stephen Ho. Buro247 Singapore - Lifestyle Insiders. Retrieved from http://www.buro247.sg/lifestyle/insiders/the-art-of-travel-stephen-ho.html#
   Google Scholar
• Lin, L. (2012). Series 6 - Ricco deBlank, CEO, hotel division, Sun Hung Kai properties LTD (SHKP), Hong Kong. Interviewing Successful Managers. Retrieved from http://lininterviews.blogspot.hk/p/ricco-m.html
   Google Scholar
• Lin, L. (2014, April 8). 5 hoteliers offer their insight on how to become successful in the hotel industry. Hospitalitynet. Retrieved from https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4064812.html
   Google Scholar
• Lolli, J. C. (2013). Interpersonal communication skills and the young hospitality leader: Are they prepared? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 295–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, S. (2016, December 5). What’s the difference between a manager and leader? Retrieved from https://www.cornerstoneondemand.com/rework/whats-difference-between-manager-and-leader
   Google Scholar
• Magazine, T. F. (2009, February 27). The scoop. Tokyo Family. Retrieved from http://www.tokyofamilies.net/2009/02/the-scoop/
   Google Scholar
• Mai, M. (2015, September 25). “Run to give”: The world running charity for poor children. VietnamPlus. Retrieved from http://www.vietnamplus.vn/run-to-give-cung-the-gioi-thi-chay-tu-thien-vi-tre-em-ngheo/345634.vnp
   Google Scholar
• Marriott History. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.marriott.com/culture-and-values/marriott-family-history.mi
   Google Scholar
• Marriott International Competes Acquisition of Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide. (2016). Retrieved from http://news.marriott.com/2016/09/marriotts-acquisition-of-starwood-complete/
   Google Scholar
• Marriott International core values. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.marriott.com/culture-and-values/core-values.mi
   Google Scholar
• Marriott International News. (2016). Marriott international competes acquisition of Starwood hotels & resorts worldwide.
   Google Scholar
• Merton, R. K. (1940). Bureaucratic structure and personality. Social Forces, 18(4), 560–568.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, J. L. (2008). Biography. In  L. M. Given (Ed). Encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, M. C. (2008). Comparative analysis. In L. M. Given (Ed). The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods (pp. 100–103). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Mingzheng, X., & Xinhui, W. (2014). Chinese leadership. Public Integrity, 16(2), 165–172.
   Google Scholar
• Mitrovic, S., Grubic-Nesic, L., Milisavljevic, S., Melovic, B., & Babinková, Z. (2014). Manager’s assessment of organizational culture. Ekonomie a management, 17(3), 35–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, J. (2017). Being at Marriott. Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/jacob-morgan/3-foundations-to-a-culture-of-well-being-at-marriott.html
   Google Scholar
• Munley, A. E. (2011). Culture differences in leadership. The IUP Journal of Soft Skills: IJSS, 5(1), 16–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ogbor, J. O., & Williams, J. (2003). The cross-cultural transfer of management practices: The case for creative synthesis. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 10(2), 3–23.
   Google Scholar
• Pallister, S. (2016). The Marriott-Starwood mega-deal: Bringing together two different corporate cultures to create value. Retrieved from https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4079494.html
   Google Scholar
• Power, D., Schoenherr, T., & Samson, D. (2010). The cultural characteristic of individualism/collectivism: A comparative study of implications for investment in operations between emerging Asian and industrialized Western countries. Journal of Operations Management, 28(3), 206–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prive, T. (2015). Top 10 qualities that make a great leader. Retrieved from https://blog.gerbsmanpartners.com/2015/04/03/top-10-qualities-that-make-a-great-leader-by-tanya-prive-forbes/
   Google Scholar
• Quality of Leadership. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.hospitalityeducators.com/articles/20110914_2#.Wd9PQ1tL_X5
   Google Scholar
• Ricca, S. (2016). Can Marriott adopt Starwood’s culture of cool? Retrieved from http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Articles/77623/Can-Marriott-adopt-Starwoods-culture-of-cool
   Google Scholar
• SHK Press Release. (2010). AHF Asia Awards name SHKP best hotel owner of the year [press release]. Retrieved from https://www.shkp.com/en-HK/Pages/press-release-detail/1534
   Google Scholar
• SHK Press Release. (2013). Elite SHKP executives receive leadership training at Harvard for International perspective and practical insight [press release]. Retrieved from https://m.shkp.com/en-US/Pages/press-release-detail/2026
   Google Scholar
• SHK Properties. (2018). Why SHKP. Retrieved from https://www.shkp.com/en-US/Pages/why-shkp
   Google Scholar
• Starwood. (2017). Starwood history. Retrieved from http://www.starwoodhotels.com/sheraton/about/index.html?categoryId=brand.about.history&language=en_US
   Google Scholar
• Starwood Hotels & Resorts Brands. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.starwoodhotels.com/preferredguest/about/index.html?categoryId=brand.ourBrands
   Google Scholar
• Starwood Hotels & Resorts History. (2017). Retrieved fromhttp://www.starwoodhotels.com/corporate/press/history.html
   Google Scholar
• Starwood Press Release. (2015). Starwood hotels & resorts holds ‘run to give’ charity run across Asia Pacific _ Maldives [press release]. Retrieved from https://www.maldives.com/starwood-hotels-resorts-holds-run-to-give-charity-run-across-asia-pacific/
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, U., & Pathak, S. (2016). Beyond cultural values? Cultural leadership ideals and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(5), 505–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Hung Kai Properties. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.shkp.com
   Google Scholar
• Sun Hung Kai Properties Hotel. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.shkphotels.com/en/
   Google Scholar
• Sun Hung Kai Properties’ Value. (2018). Our values. Retrieved from https://www.shkp.com/Pages/our-values
   Google Scholar
• The Sun. (2011). 鄧力高天天微笑. The Sun On.CC. Retrieved from http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/finance/20121105/00434_040.html
   Google Scholar
• Ting, D. (2016). Merging Marriott and Starwood corporate cultures, according to Marriott’s HR chief. Retrieved from https://skift.com/2016/09/20/merging-marriott-and-starwood-corporate-cultures-according-to-marriotts-hr-chief/
   Google Scholar
• Travel & Tourism - Global Economic Impact and Issues. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/2017-documents/global-economic-impact-and-issues-2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Udy, S. H. (1959). “Bureaucracy” and “rationality” in Weber’s organization theory: An empirical study. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 791–795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, Y. (1996). Corporate cultural fit and performance in mergers and acquisitions. Human Relations, 49(9), 1181–1202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikipedia. (2017). Jack Sim. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Sim#Professional_career
   Google Scholar
• Wong, K.-C. (2001). Chinese culture and leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 4(4), 309–319.
   Google Scholar
• World Toilet Organization. (2017). Jack Sim-founder - world toilet organization. Retrieved from http://worldtoilet.org/who-we-are__trashed/founder/
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, H., & Smith, S. L. J. (2006). Case studies in tourism research: A state-of-the-art analysis. Tourism Management, 27(5), 738–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar