References

• Assaker, G., & Hallak, R. (2013). Moderating effects of tourists’ novelty-seeking tendencies on destination image, visitor satisfaction, and short-and long-term revisit intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), 600–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority. (2012, December 20). Atlantic city visitor profile 2008. Retrieved from http://www.atlanticcitynj.com/!userfiles/pdfs/Reports/ACVP08_summ.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson City Convention and Visitors Bureau. (2012, December 20). Visitor profile study 2007–2008. Retrieved from http://carsoncitychamber.org/Admin/Uploads/CC_CVB_VPS_0708_Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chan, S. H. J., Wan, Y. K. P., & Wong, I. K. A. (2015). Exploring the differences among Chinese casino gamblers’ characteristics, motivations, and behaviors. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(1), 23–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dibb, S. (1998). Market segmentation: Strategies for success. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 16(7), 394–406.
   Google Scholar
• Du Cros, H. (2009). Emerging issues for cultural tourism in Macau. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 38(1), 73–99.
   Google Scholar
• Forbes. (2017, April 3). VIP revenue drives Macau casinos to march beyond forecasts. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/muhammadcohen/2017/04/03/vip-revenue-drives-macau-to-march-beyond-forecasts/#321f45e211bc
   Google Scholar
• Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau. (2017). Gaming statistics. Retrieved from http://www.dicj.gov.mo/web/en/information/DadosEstat/2017/content.html#n5
   Google Scholar
• Government of Macau Special Administrative Region. (2016). The five-year development plan of the Macau special administrative region (2016–2020). Retrieved from https://www.cccmtl.gov.mo/files/plano_quinquenal_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gu, Z. (2004). Macau gaming: Copying the Las Vegas style or creating a Macau model? Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 9(1), 89–96.
   Google Scholar
• Gu, Z. (2006). Product differentiation: Key to Macau’s gaming revenue growth. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 4(4), 382–388.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, C. H., Cai, L. A., & Li, M. (2010). Expectation, motivation, and attitude: A tourist behavioral model. Journal of Travel Research, 49(3), 282–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. S., & Agrusa, J. (2008). Segmenting Japanese tourists to Hawaii according to tour purpose. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 24(1), 63–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W. G., Park, Y., Gazzoli, G., & Sheng, E. (2011). Benefit segmentation of international travelers to Macau, China. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 12(1), 28–57.
   Google Scholar
• Kotler, P., Bowen, J. T., Makens, J. C., Xie, Y., & Liang, C. (2006). Marketing for hospitality and tourism (Vol. 893). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority (LVCVA). (2012, December 9). 2011 Las Vegas visitor profile study. Retrieved from http://www.lvcva.com/getfile/2008%20Las%20Vegas%20Visitor%20Profile.pdf?fileID=107
   Google Scholar
• Legoherel, P. (1998). Toward a market segmentation of the tourism trade: Expenditure levels and consumer behavior instability. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 7(3), 19–39.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X. R., Lai, C., Harrill, R., Kline, S., & Wang, L. (2011). When east meets west: An exploratory study on Chinese outbound tourists’ travel expectations. Tourism Management, 32(4), 741–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, F. (2004). Lifestyle segmentation of the Chinese consumer. ESOMAR, Asia Pacific Conference, Shanghai. Retrieved from https://www.warc.com/fulltext/ESOMAR/80217.htm
   Google Scholar
• Macau Government Tourism Office. (2015). Macau travel and tourism statistics 2015. Retrieved from http://industry.Macautourism.gov.mo/e-publication/MTTS2015/2015_MGTO_Statistics.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Macau Government Tourist Office. (2014, November, 14). MGTO promotes Macau’s diverse tourism attractions in China International Travel Mart. Retrieved fromhttp://industry.macautourism.gov.mo/en/pressroom/index.php?page_id=17226602&id=2678
   Google Scholar
• Macau Government Tourist Office. (2015a, January 21). MGTO holds annual press conference fosters study on tourism planning and diversification of tourism products and markets. Retrieved from http://industry.macautourism.gov.mo/en/pressroom/index.php?page_id=17226601&id=2685
   Google Scholar
• Macau Government Tourist Office. (2015b, March 6). MGTO promotes Macau’s diverse tourism image in Guangzhou. Retrieved from http://industry.macautourism.gov.mo/en/pressroom/index.php?page_id=17226600&id=2700
   Google Scholar
• Macau News. (2015a, March 27). Macau’s tourism carrying capacity was 32.6 – 33.7 million in 2014. Retrieved from http://www.macaunews.com.mo/content/view/3308/5/lang,english/
   Google Scholar
• Macau News. (2015b, March 30). IVS arrivals jump 38.9 percent in February. Retrieved from http://www.macaunews.com.mo/content/view/3311/5/lang,english/
   Google Scholar
• Macau News. (2015c, April 2). Macau casino revenue falls for 10th straight month. Retrieved from http://www.macaunews.com.mo/content/view/3318/13/lang,english/
   Google Scholar
• Macau News. (2015d, May 6). Imported labour “inevitable” for growth: Pansy Ho. Retrieved from http://www.macaunews.com.mo/content/view/3370/5/lang,english/
   Google Scholar
• Macau Statistics and Census Service. (2009). Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.dsec.gov.mo/e_index.html
   Google Scholar
• McCartney, G. (2008, November). The CAT (casino tourism) and the MICE (meetings, incentives, conventions, exhibitions): Key development considerations for the convention and exhibition industry in Macau. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism, 9(4), 293–308.
   Google Scholar
• McCartney, G. J. (2005). Casinos as a tourism redevelopment strategy – the case of Macau. Journal of Macau Gaming Research Association, 2(2), 40–54.
   Google Scholar
• Middleton, V. T., & Clarke, J. R. (2012). Marketing in travel and tourism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, A. M. (2001). Hospitality and travel marketing (3rd ed.). Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Nadkarni, S., & Leong, A. M. W. (2007). Macau’s MICE dreams: Opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Event Management Research, 3(2), 47–57.
   Google Scholar
• NAPA Valley Conference & Visitors Bureau. (2006). NAPA county visitor profile study & NAPA county economic impact study. Retrieved from http://www.napacountygeneralplan.com/meetings_and_workshops/files/materials_042606-2005_napa_county_visitor_profile_study.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NBS. (2018). National bureau of statistics of China. Retrieved from http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103
   Google Scholar
• Park, D. B., & Yoon, Y. S. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study. Tourism Management, 30(1), 99–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., & Gu, H. (Eds.). (2009). Tourism in China: Destination, cultures and communities. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sarigöllü, E., & Huang, R. (2005). Benefits segmentation of visitors to Latin America. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 277–293.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, N., & Parfitt, N. (2005). Lifestyle segmentation in tourism and leisure: Imposing order or finding it? Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(2–4), 121–139.
   Google Scholar
• Siu, R. C. S. (2006). Evolution of Macau’s casino industry from monopoly to oligopoly: Social and economic reconsiderations. Journal of Economic Issues, 40(4), 967–990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South China Morning Post. (2015, January 21). Macau tourist arrivals up 7.5 per cent amid fall in gambling revenue. Retrieved from http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1688347/macau-tourist-arrivals-75pc-amid-fall-gambling-revenue
   Google Scholar
• Statista. (2018). Macau - statistics & facts. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/topics/2312/macau/
   Google Scholar
• Tang, L., Choi, S., Morrison, A. M., & Lehto, X. Y. (2009). The many faces of Macau: A correspondence analysis of the images communicated by online tourism information sources in English and Chinese. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 15(1), 79–94.
   Google Scholar
• The Conversation. (2019, January 3). How Macau became the world’s casino capital? Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/how-macau-became-the-worlds-casino-capital-108866
   Google Scholar
• Um, S., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(3), 432–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, Y. K. P. (2013). A comparison of the governance of tourism planning in the two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of China – Hong Kong and Macau. Tourism Management, 36, 164–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, I. A. (2013). Exploring customer equity and the role of service experience in the casino service encounter. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 91–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, I. A., & Rosenbaum, M. S. (2012). Beyond hardcore gambling: Understanding why mainland Chinese visit casinos in Macau. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(1), 32–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, J. C., Evans, F. H., Spilsbury, K., Ciesielski, V., Arrowsmith, C., & Wright, G. (2010). Market segments based on the dominant movement patterns of tourists. Tourism Management, 31(4), 464–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, M. W., Kim, S., & Schuckert, M. (2016). Japanese tourists to Hong Kong: Their preferences, behavior, and image perception. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(5), 730–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung, R. M. W., & Yee, W. M. S. (2011). Tourism diversification: Building on competitive potential in the destination. In M. J. Gross (Ed.), CAUTHE 2011: National Conference: Tourism: Creating a Brilliant Blend (pp. 819–830). Adelaide, SA: University of South Australia, School of Management. Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=908414228899384;res=IELBUS
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H. Q., & Heung, V. C. (2002). The emergence of the mainland Chinese outbound travel market and its implications for tourism marketing. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(1), 7–12.
   Google Scholar