Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Chinese and Bay Starvine (Schisandra spp.): Potential for Development as a New Dietary Supplement Ingredient

References

• Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Nylander M, Wikman G, Panossian, A. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study of single dose effects of ADAPT-232 on cognitive functions. Phytomed. 2010;17(7):494–499.
   Google Scholar
• Bae H, Kim R, Kim Y, Lee E, Jin Kim H, Pyo Jang Y, et al. Effects of Schisandra chinensis Baillon (Schisandraceae) on lipopolysaccharide induced lung inflammation in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;142(1):41–47.
   Google Scholar
• Bae JY, Kim CY, Kim HJ, Park JH, Ahn MJ. Differences in the chemical profiles and biological activities of Paeonia lactiflora and Paeonia obovata. J Med Food. 2015;18(2):224–232.
   Google Scholar
• Brickell J. Stellandria and Stellandria glabra. Med Repository. 1803;6.
   Google Scholar
• Canter PH, Thomas H, Ernst E. Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: opportunities and challenges for biotechnology. Trends Biotech. 2005;23(4),180–185.
   Google Scholar
• Cech RA. Balancing conservation with utililization: restoring populations of commercially valuable medicinal herbs in forests and agroforests. Adv Phytomed. 2002;1:117–123.
   Google Scholar
• Chitty H. 2013 efforts to improve sustainable management of wild American Ginseng harvest. HerbalGram. 2014;(102):62–66.
   Google Scholar
• Chiu PY, Luk KF, Leung HY, Ng KM, Ko KM. Schisandrin B stereoisomers protect against hypoxia/ reoxygenation- induced apoptosis and inhibit associated changes in Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition and mitochondrial membrane potential in H9c2 cardiornyocytes. Life Sci. 2008;82(21–22),1092–1101.
   Google Scholar
• de Wet J, Harlan J. Weeds and domesticates. Evolution in the man-made habitat. Econ Bot. 1975;29:99–107.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. Pulp and Paper Capacities Survey 2015–2020. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2016. Available at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5946t.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Fong WF, Wan CK, Zhu GY, Chattopadhyay A, Dey S, Zhao ZZ, et al. Schisandrol A from Schisandra chinensis reverses P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by affecting Pgp-substrate complexes. Planta Med. 2007;73(3):212–220.
   Google Scholar
• Ghasemi Pirbalouti A, Siahpoosh A, Setayesh M, Craker L. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of some medicinal and aromatic plants used as herbal teas and condiments in Iran. J Med Food. 2014;17(10):1151–1157.
   Google Scholar
• Gnabre J, Unlu I, Chang TC, Lisseck P, Bourne B, Scolnik R, et al. Isolation of lignans from Schisandra chinensis with anti-proliferative activity in human colorectal carcinoma: structure-activity relationships. J Chromatogr B. 2010;878(28):2693–2700.
   Google Scholar
• Graf TN, Levine KE, Andrews ME, Perlmutter JM, Nielsen SJ, Davis JM, et al. Variability in the yield of benzophenanthridine alkaloids in wildcrafted vs. cultivated bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:1205–1211.
   Google Scholar
• Hancke JL, Burgos RA, Ahumada F. Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. Fitoterapia. 1999;70(5):451–471.
   Google Scholar
• Hu J, Mao C, Gong X, Lu T, Chen H, Huang Z, et al. Simultaneous determination of eleven characteristic lignans in Schisandra chinensis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacogn Mag. 2013;9(34):155–161.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang IS, Kim JE, Lee YJ, Kwak MH, Choi YH, Kang BC, et al. Protective effects of gomisin A isolated from Schisandra chinensis against CCl(4)-induced hepatic and renal injury. Inter J of Molec Med. 2013;31(4):888–898.
   Google Scholar
• ICH. Validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology Q2(R1). International Committee on Harmonization. Nov. 2005. Available at: www.ich.org/products/guidelines/quality/quality-single/article/validation-of-analytical-procedures-text-and-methodology.html. Accessed 29 March 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Khallouki F, Haubner R, Ulrich CM, Owen RW. Ethnobotanical survey, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of the root bark of Annona cuneata Oliv. J Med Food. 2011;14(11):1397–1402.
   Google Scholar
• Kormosh N, Laktionov K, Antoshechkina M. Effect of a combination of extract from several plants on cell-mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Phytother Res. 2006;20(5):424–425.
   Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Cho IH, Lee KE, Kim YS. The compositions of volatiles and aroma-active compounds in dried omija fruits (Schisandra chinensis Baillon) according to the cultivation areas. J of Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(15):8338–8346.
   Google Scholar
• Leman M. Treatment of reactive and asthenic states of exogenous etiology using the Far East Schizandra. J Neuropathol Psychiatr. 1952;52:67–70.
   Google Scholar
• Li WL, Xin HW, Su MW. Inhibitory effects of continuous ingestion of Schisandrin A on CYP3A in the rat. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012;110(2):187–192.
   Google Scholar
• Lim W, Mudge KW, Vermeylen F. Effects of population, age, and cultivation methods on ginsenoside content of wild American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:8498–8505.
   Google Scholar
• Michaux, A. Flora Boreali-Americana Vol. 2. Paris, France: fratres Levrault, 1803.
   Google Scholar
• Narimanian M, Badalyan M, Panosyan V, Gabrielyan E, Panossian A, Wikman G, et al. Impact of Chisan® (ADAPT-232) on the quality-of-life and its efficacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specific pneumonia. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(10):723–729.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira LMB, Bevilaqua CML, Costa CTC, Macedo ITF, Barros RS, Rodrigues AC, et al. Anthelmintic activity of Cocos nucifera L. against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. Vet Parasitol. 2009;159(1):55–59.
   Google Scholar
• Panero JL, Aranda PD. The Family Schisandraceae: A new record for the Flora of Mexico. Brittonia. 1998;50(1):87–90.
   Google Scholar
• Panossian A, Wikman G. Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: an overview of Russian research and uses in medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;118(2):183–212.
   Google Scholar
• Park JY, Shin HK, Choi YW, Lee YJ, Bae SS, Han J, et al. Gomisin A induces Ca2+-dependent activation of eNOS in human coronary artery endothelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;125(2):291–296.
   Google Scholar
• Pezeshki SR, Schaff SD, Shields FD Jr. Riverbank restoration in the southern United States: The effects of soil texture and moisture regime on survival and growth of willow posts. Paper presented at the Conference on Sustainability of Wetlands and Water Resources, 2000, Oxford, MS, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Qin XL, Chen X, Wang Y, Xue XP, Wang Y, Li JL, et al. In vivo to in vitro effects of six bioactive lignans of wuzhi tablet (Schisandra Sphenanthera Extract) on the CYP3A/P-glycoprotein–mediated absorption and metabolism of tacrolimus. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014;42(1):193–199.
   Google Scholar
• Radford AE, Ahles HF, Bell CR. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Rehder A. Schisandra Michaux nomen genericum conservandum. J of the Arnold Arboretum. 1944;25:125–131.
   Google Scholar
• Reynertson KA, Yang H, Jiang B, Basile MJ, Kennelly EJ. Quantitative analysis of antiradical phenolic constituents from fourteen edible Myrtaceae fruits. Food Chem. 2008;109(4):883–890.
   Google Scholar
• Robbins CS. Comparative analysis of management regimes and medicinal plant trade monitoring mechanisms for American Ginseng and Goldenseal. Conservat Biol. 2000;14(5):1422–1434.
   Google Scholar
• Shi YM, Xiao WL, Pu JX, Sun HD. Triterpenoids from the Schisandraceae family: an update. Nat Prod Rep. 2015;32(3):367–410.
   Google Scholar
• Smith T, Lynch ME, Johnson J, Kawa K, Bauman H, Blumenthal M. Herbal dietary supplement sales in US increase 6.8% in 2014. HerbalGram. 2015;107:52–60.
   Google Scholar
• Teraoka R, Shimada T, Aburada M. The molecular mechanisms of the hepatoprotective effect of gomisin A against oxidative stress and inflammatory response in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury. Biol Pharm Bull. 2012;35(2):171–177.
   Google Scholar
• Thandavarayan RA, Giridharan VV, Arumugam S, Suzuki K, Ko KM, Krishnamurthy P, et al. Schisandrin B prevents doxorubicin induced cardiac dysfunction by modulation of DNA damage, oxidative stress and inflammation through inhibition of MAPK/p53 signaling. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119214.
   Google Scholar
• Turner NJ. “Doing it right”: issues and practices of sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products relating to First Peoples in British Columbia. B.C. J Ecosystems Manage. 2001;1(1):1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Upton R, ed. Schisandra berry. Scotts Valley, CA: AHP, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Threatened and endangered plants database. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. Available at: https://plants.usda.gov/threat.html. Accessed 14 August 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Valente MJ. Genetic diversity revealed by AFLP in Schisandra glabra (Brickell) Rheder a rare basal angiosperm [master's thesis]. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Voort ME, McGraw JB. Effects of harvester behavior on population growth rate affects sustainability of ginseng trade. Biol Conservat. 2006;130(4):505–516.
   Google Scholar
• Wan CK, Tse AK, Yu ZL, Zhu GY, Wang H, Fong DWF. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 activity by schisandrol A and gomisin A isolated from Fructus Schisandrae chinensis. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(8–9):702–705.
   Google Scholar
• Wear DN, Greis JG. The Southern Forest Futures Project: Summary Report. United States Department of Agriculture, 2012. Available at: https://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs168.pdf. Accessed 30 March 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Westfall RE, Glickman BW. Conservation of indigenous medicinal plants in Canada. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Species at Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference, Victoria, BC, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao WL, Li RT, Huang SX, Pu JX, Sun HD. Triterpenoids from the Schisandraceae family. Nat Prod Rep. 2008;25(5):871–891.
   Google Scholar
• Yip AY, Loo WT, Chow LW. Fructus Schisandrae (Wuweizi) containing compound in modulating human lymphatic system - a Phase I minimization clinical trial. Biomed Pharmacother 2007;61(9):588–590.
   Google Scholar