Effects of Combining Caffeine and Sodium Bicarbonate on Exercise Performance: A Review with Suggestions for Future Research

References

• Artioli GG, Gualano B, Coelho DF, Benatti FB, Gailey AW, Lancha AH. Jr. 2007. Does sodium-bicarbonate ingestion improve simulated judo performance? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 17(2):206–217. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.2.206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthelot G, Sedeaud A, Marck A, Antero-Jacquemin J, Schipman J, Saulière G, Marc A, Desgorces FD, Toussaint JF. 2015. Has athletic performance reached its peak? Sports Med. 45(9):1263–1271. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0347-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop D, Claudius B. 2005. Effects of induced metabolic alkalosis on prolonged intermittent-sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 37(5):759–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke LM. 2017. Practical issues in evidence-based use of performance supplements: supplement interactions, repeated use and individual responses. Sports Med. 47(S1):79–100. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0687-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carr AJ, Gore CJ, Dawson B. 2011. Induced alkalosis and caffeine supplementation: effects on 2,000-m rowing performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 21(5):357–364. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr AJ, Hopkins WG, Gore CJ. 2011. Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 41(10):801–814. doi:10.2165/11591440-000000000-00000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr AJ, Slater GJ, Gore CJ, Dawson B, Burke LM. 2011. Effect of sodium bicarbonate on [HCO3-], pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 21(3):189–194. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.21.3.189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen PM, Petersen MH, Friis SN, Bangsbo J. 2014. Caffeine, but not bicarbonate, improves 6 min maximal performance in elite rowers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 39(9):1058–1063. doi:10.1139/apnm-2013-0577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen PM, Shirai Y, Ritz C, Nordsborg NB. 2017. Caffeine and bicarbonate for speed. A meta-analysis of legal supplements potential for improving intense endurance exercise performance. Front Physiol. 8:240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costill DL, Dalsky GP, Fink WJ. 1978. Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports. 10(3):155–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• da Silva RP, de Oliveira LF, Saunders B, de Andrade Kratz C, de Salles Painelli V, da Eira Silva V, Marins JCB, Franchini E, Gualano B, Artioli GG. 2019. Effects of β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the estimated energy system contribution during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Amino Acids. 51(1):83–96. 2019doi:10.1007/s00726-018-2643-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delextrat A, Mackessy S, Arceo-Rendon L, Scanlan A, Ramsbottom R, Calleja-Gonzalez J. 2018. Effects of three-day serial sodium bicarbonate loading on performance and physiological parameters during a simulated basketball test in female university players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 28(5):547–552. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson SK, Hermansen L, Bolles L. 1978. Differential, direct effects of H + on Ca2+ -activated force of skinned fibers from the soleus, cardiac and adductor magnus muscles of rabbits . Pflugers Arch. 376(1):55–65. doi:10.1007/BF00585248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durkalec-Michalski K, Nowaczyk PM, Główka N, Grygiel A. 2019. Dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on judo-specific performance and training activity: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 16(1):38. doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0305-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felippe LC, Lopes-Silva JP, Bertuzzi R, McGinley C, Lima-Silva AE. 2016. Separate and combined effects of caffeine and sodium-bicarbonate intake on judo performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 11(2):221–226. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2015-0020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson BS. 2010. Effects of short-term sodium bicarbonate supplementation with acute caffeine ingestion on simulated 3-km cycle performance [Master’s thesis]. Fresno: California State University.
   Google Scholar
• Fredholm BB. 1995. Astra Award Lecture. Adenosine, adenosine receptors and the actions of caffeine. Pharmacol Toxicol. 76(2):93–101. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1995.tb00111.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Froio de Araujo Dias G, da Eira Silva V, de Salles Painelli V, Sale C, Giannini Artioli G, Gualano B, Saunders B. 2015. (In)Consistencies in responses to sodium bicarbonate supplementation: a randomised, repeated measures, counterbalanced and double-blind study. PLoS One. 10(11):e0143086. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough LA, Deb SK, Sparks SA, McNaughton LR. 2018. Sodium bicarbonate improves 4 km time trial cycling performance when individualised to time to peak blood bicarbonate in trained male cyclists. J Sports Sci. 36(15):1705–1712. doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1410875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham TE. 2001. Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports Med. 31(11):785–807. doi:10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgic J, Diaz-Lara FJ, Coso JD, Duncan MJ, Tallis J, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Mikulic P. 2020. The effects of caffeine ingestion on measures of rowing performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 12(2):434. doi:10.3390/nu12020434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgic J, Garofolini A, Pickering C, Duncan MJ, Tinsley GM, Del Coso J. 2020. Isolated effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance in the Yo-Yo test: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 23(1):41–47. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgic J, Grgic I, Pickering C, Schoenfeld BJ, Bishop DJ, Pedisic Z. 2020. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance-an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 54(11):681–688. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgic J, Rodriguez RF, Garofolini A, Saunders B, Bishop DJ, Schoenfeld BJ, Pedisic Z. 2020. Effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on muscular strength and endurance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01275-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgic J, Trexler ET, Lazinica B, Pedisic Z. 2018. Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 15:11. doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0216-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grgic J. 2018. Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci. 18(2):219–225. doi:10.1080/17461391.2017.1394371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heibel AB, Perim PHL, Oliveira LF, McNaughton LR, Saunders B. 2018. Time to optimize supplementation: modifying factors influencing the individual responses to extracellular buffering agents. Front Nutr. 5:35. doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins MF, Wilson S, Hill C, Price MJ, Duncan M, Tallis J. 2016. Evaluating the effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate, ingested individually or in combination, and a taste-matched placebo on high-intensity cycling capacity in healthy males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 41(4):354–361. doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilton NP, Leach NK, Sparks SA, Gough LA, Craig MM, Deb SK, McNaughton LR. 2019. A novel ingestion strategy for sodium bicarbonate supplementation in a delayed-release form: a randomised crossover study in trained males. Sports Med Open. 5(1):4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kilding AE, Overton C, Gleave J. 2012. Effects of caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, and their combined ingestion on high-intensity cycling performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 22(3):175–183. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.22.3.175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancha Junior AH, de Salles Painelli V, Saunders B, Artioli GG. 2015. Nutritional strategies to modulate intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity during high-intensity exercise. Sports Med. 45(S1):71–81. doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0397-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindh AM, Peyrebrune MC, Ingham SA, Bailey DM, Folland JP. 2008. Sodium bicarbonate improves swimming performance. Int J Sports Med. 29(6):519–523. doi:10.1055/s-2007-989228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes-Silva JP, Da Silva Santos JF, Artioli GG, Loturco I, Abbiss C, Franchini E. 2018. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increases glycolytic contribution and improves performance during simulated taekwondo combat. Eur J Sport Sci. 18(3):431–440. doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1424942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes-Silva JP, Silva Santos JF, Branco BH, Abad CC, Oliveira LF, Loturco I, Franchini E. 2015. Caffeine ingestion increases estimated glycolytic metabolism during taekwondo combat simulation but does not improve performance or parasympathetic reactivation. PLoS One. 10(11):e0142078. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntosh BR, Wright BM. 1995. Caffeine ingestion and performance of a 1,500-metre swim. Can J Appl Physiol. 20(2):168–177. doi:10.1139/h95-012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. 2003. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 83(8):713–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. 2016. A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 71:294–312. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNaughton L, Cedaro R. 1991. The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on rowing ergometer performance in elite rowers. Aust J Sci Med Sport. 23:66–69.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell DC, Knight CA, Hockenberry J, Teplansky R, Hartman TJ. 2014. Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S. Food Chem Toxicol. 63:136–142. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polito MD, Souza DB, Casonatto J, Farinatti P. 2016. Acute effect of caffeine consumption on isotonic muscular strength and endurance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Sport. 31(3):119–128. doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2016.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruscino CL, Ross ML, Gregory JR, Savage B, Flanagan TR. 2008. Effects of sodium bicarbonate, caffeine, and their combination on repeated 200-m freestyle performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 18(2):116–130. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaei S, Akbari K, Gahreman DE, Sarshin A, Tabben M, Kaviani M, Sadeghinikoo A, Koozehchian MS, Naderi A. 2019. Caffeine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation alone or together improve karate performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 16(1):44. doi:10.1186/s12970-019-0313-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainani KL. 2018. The problem with “magnitude-based inference”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 50(10):2166–2176. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders B, Sale C, Harris RC, Sunderland C. 2014. Sodium bicarbonate and high-intensity-cycling capacity: variability in responses. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 9(4):627–632. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegler JC, Hirscher K. 2010. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and boxing performance. J Strength Cond Res. 24(1):103–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegler JC, Marshall PW, Bray J, Towlson C. 2012. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation and ingestion timing: does it matter? J Strength Cond Res. 26(7):1953–1958. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182392960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southward K, Rutherfurd-Markwick KJ, Ali A. 2018. The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on endurance performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 48(8):1913–1928. doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0939-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spriet LL. 2014. Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine. Sports Med. 44(S2):175–184. doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8.
   Google Scholar
• Swinton PA, Hemingway BS, Saunders B, Gualano B, Dolan E. 2018. A statistical framework to interpret individual response to intervention: paving the way for personalized nutrition and exercise prescription. Front Nutr. 5:41. doi:10.3389/fnut.2018.00041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren GL, Park ND, Maresca RD, McKibans KI, Millard-Stafford ML. 2010. Effect of caffeine ingestion on muscular strength and endurance: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 42(7):1375–1387. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181cabbd8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar