Wrestling with grief: fan negotiation of professional/private personas in responses to the Chris Benoit double murder–suicide

References

• Anon, 7 Feb 2014. WWE faces difficult decisions on network content. CBS Pittsburgh. Available from: http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2014/02/07/wwe-faces-difficult-decisions-on-network-content/ [Accessed 5 May 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Barthes, R., 1967/1977. The death of the author. In: Stephen Heath, trans. Image, music, text: Roland Barthes. New York: Hill and Wang, 143–148.
   Google Scholar
• Barthes, R., 1971/2009. Mythologies. London: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Bird, S.E., 2003. The audience in everyday life: living in a media world. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bogdan, R. and Biklen, S.K., 1992. Qualitative research for education: an introduction to theories and methods. Cambridge: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G., 2009. The other side of sadness: what the new science of bereavement tells us about life after a loss. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, J.R., Hayes, G.R., and Dourish, P. 2013. Beyond the grave: Facebook as a site for the expansion of death and mourning. The Information Society: An International Journal, 29 (3), 152–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherney, J.L. and Lindemann, K., 2013. Wrestling with extremes: steroids, traumatic brain injury, and Chris Benoit. In: L.A. Wenner, ed. Fallen sports heroes, media and celebrity culture. New York: Peter Lang, 107–119.
   Google Scholar
• Craven, G. and Moseley, R., 1972. Actors on the canvas stage: the dramatic conventions of professional wrestling. The Journal of Popular Culture, 6 (2), 326–336.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, G., 2012. Video gamers. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, C., 2012. No mere mortal? Re-materialising Michael Jackson in death. Celebrity Studies, 3 (2), 183–196.
   Google Scholar
• Downs, C., 2013. Living the gimmick: the fractured identities of professional wrestlers. Borders, 4, 60–69.
   Google Scholar
• Drysdale, T.A., 2013. Helmet-to-helmet contact: avoiding a lifetime penalty by creating a duty to scan active NFL players for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Journal of Legal Medicine, 34 (4), 425–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffett, M., 2013. Understanding fandom. London: Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• E.C.W., 2007. Episode 65. TV, World Wrestling Entertainment. Tuesday 26 June.
   Google Scholar
• Fiske, J., 1992. The cultural economy of fandom. In: L.A. Lewis, ed. The adoring audience: fan culture and popular media. London: Routledge, 30–49.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, F., 2012. Defensive processes and deception: an analysis of the response of the institutional church to disclosures of child sexual abuse. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 28 (1), 98–109.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, M., 2007. Some thoughts on celebrity deaths: Steve Irwin and the issue of public mourning. Mortality, 12 (1), 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Greer, C. and McLaughlin, E., 2013. The Sir Jimmy Savile scandal: child sexual abuse and institutional denial at the BBC. Crime Media Culture, 9 (3), 243–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hard knocks: the Chris Benoit story, 2004. Video. Directed by Kevin Dunn. USA: World Wrestling Entertainment.
   Google Scholar
• Hinerman, S., 1997. (Don’t) leave me alone: tabloid narrative and the Michael Jackson child-abuse scandal. In: J. Lull and S. Hinerman, eds. Media Scandals. New York: Columbia University Press, 143–163.
   Google Scholar
• Horton, D. and Wohl, R.R., 1956. Mass communication and para- social interaction: observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19, 215–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jericho, C., 2011. Undisputed: how to become the world champion in 1,372 easy steps. London: Orion Books.
   Google Scholar
• Jermyn, D., 2001. ‘Death of the girl next door’: celebrity, femininity, and tragedy in the murder of Jill Dando. Feminist Media Studies, 1 (3), 343–359.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S., et al., 2007. Benoit: wrestling with the horror that destroyed a family and crippled a sport. Toronto: ECW Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kastenbaum, R., 2001. Death, society, and human experience. 7th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Kear, A. and Steinberg, D.L., 1999. Ghost writing. In: A. Kear and D.L. Steinberg, eds. Mourning Diana: nation, culture and the performance of grief. London: Routledge, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Keith, S., 2008. Dungeon of death: Chris Benoit and the Hart family curse. New York: Citadel Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, M., 1946/2000. Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. In: P. Du Gay, J. Evans, and P. Redman, eds. Identity: a reader. London: Sage, 130–143.
   Google Scholar
• Kübler-Ross, E., 1969. On death and dying. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lemish, D., 1998. ‘Girls can wrestle too’: gender differences in the consumption of a television wrestling series. Sex Roles, 38 (9–10), 833–849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciejewski, P.K., et al., 2007. An empirical examination of the stage theory of grief. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 297 (7), 716–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, P.D., 2010. The promotion and presentation of the self: celebrity as marker of presentational media. Celebrity Studies, 1 (1), 35–48.
   Google Scholar
• Mazer, S., 2005. Real wrestling, real life. In: N. Sammond, ed. Steel chair to the head: the pleasure and pain of professional wrestling. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 67–87.
   Google Scholar
• McBride, L.B. and Bird, S.E., 2007. From smart fan to backyard wrestler: performance, context, and aesthetic violence. In: J. Gray, C. Sandvoss, and C.L. Harrington, eds. Fandom: identities and communities in a mediated world. New York: New York University Press, 165–176.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil, B., 2002. Foot on the rope: corporate apologia and the discourse of Vince McMahon. Thesis (MA). Maine: University of Maine.
   Google Scholar
• McQuarrie, F.A.E., 2006. Breaking kayfabe: ‘the history of a history’ of world wrestling entertainment. Management & Organizational History, 1 (3), 227–250.
   Google Scholar
• Nowinski, C., 2006. Head games: football’s concussion crisis. East Bridgewater, MA: Drummond.
   Google Scholar
• Omalu, B.I., et al., 2010. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a professional American wrestler. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 6, 130–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oring, E., 1987. Jokes and the discourse on disaster. The Journal of American Folklore, 100 (397), 276–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton, N.E., 2012. Media participation of school shooters and their fans: navigating between self-distinction and imitation to achieve individuation. In: G.W. Muschert and J. Sumiala, eds. School shootings: mediatized violence in a global age. Bradford: Emerald Group, 205–234.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, C., 2014. The post-mortem star discourse, or, loving Adrienne Shelly. Celebrity Studies, 5 (1–2), 20–31.
   Google Scholar
• Radford, S.K. and Bloch, P.H., 2012. Grief, commiseration, and consumption following the death of a celebrity. Journal of Consumer Culture, 12 (2), 137–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard, J., 1999. ‘The spectacle of excess’: the emergence of modern professional wrestling in the United States and Australia. The Journal of Popular Culture, 33 (1), 129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman, E.F., Nagaswaran, A., Johnson, R.M., Adams, K.M., Scrivens, J. and Baughman, A. 2012. US tabloid magazine coverage of a celebrity dating abuse incident: Rihanna and Chris Brown. Journal of Health Communication, 17 (6), 733–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson, J. and Cheong, P.H., 2010. Tweeting prayers and communicating grief over Michael Jackson online. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 30 (5), 328–340.
   Google Scholar
• Sandvoss, C., 2005. Fans: the mirror of consumption. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, A., 2009. N.F.L. acknowledges long-term concussion effects. The New York Times, 20 December. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/21/sports/football/21concussions.html [Accessed 15 May 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, D., 2013. The squared circle: life, death, and professional wrestling. New York: Gotham Books.
   Google Scholar
• Slapper, H., 27 Sep 2011. Whatever his crimes, Roman Polanski deserves his awards. The Guardian. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/27/roman-polanski-lifetime-achievement-award [Accessed 6 May 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Stacey, J., 1994. Stargazing: Hollywood cinema and female spectatorship. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Swartz, J., 12 Mar 2004. High death rate lingers behind fun facade of pro wrestling. USA Today. Available from: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/2004-03-12-pro-wrestling_x.htm [Accessed 5 May 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Toepfer, S., 2011. The playful audience: professional wrestling, media fandom, & the omnipresence of media smarks. Thesis (PhD). Georgia: Georgia State University.
   Google Scholar
• Turnock, R., 2000. Interpreting Diana. London: BFI.
   Google Scholar
• Van den Bulck, H. and Claessens, N., 2013. Guess who Tiger is having sex with now? Celebrity sex and the framing of the moral high ground. Celebrity Studies, 4 (1), 46–57.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, L.R. and Williams, K.D., 2011. World wrestling entertainment responds to the Chris Benoit tragedy: a case study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 4, 99–114.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., 2007. A star is dead: a legend is born: practicing Leslie Cheung’s posthumous fandom. In: S. Redmond and S. Holmes, eds. Stardom and celebrity: a reader. London: Sage, 326–340.
   Google Scholar
• Wenner, L.A., 2013. The fallen sports hero in the age of mediated celebrityhood. In: L.A. Wenner, ed. Fallen sports heroes, media and celebrity culture. New York: Peter Lang, 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R., 2011. ‘This is the night TV died’: television post-object fandom and the demise of The West Wing. Popular Communication, 9 (4), 266–279.
   Google Scholar
• WWE Monday night raw, 2007. Episode 550, Chris Benoit memorial. TV, World Wrestling Entertainment. Monday 25 June.
   Google Scholar