Social media’s commodified, transgender ambassador: Caitlyn Jenner, celebrity activism, and social media

References

• Abbott, T.B., 2013. The trans/romance dilemma in Transamerica and other films. Journal of American culture, 36, 32–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jacc.12011
   Google Scholar
• Barros, L., et al. (2019). Brand activism in social media: the effect of sarcastic and explanatory responses and social identity in consumer brand attitude. Available from: http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ocs/index.php/clav/clav2019/paper/download/7246/ 1991
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, W.L. and Segerberg, A., 2012. The logic connective action. Information, communication, and society, 15 (5), 739–768. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.670661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, A., 2016. Keeping away from the Kardashians: celebrity worth and the re- masculinising of Caitlyn Jenner. Celebrity studies, 7 (1), 115–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2016.1131011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady, A., 2017. “Caitlyn Jenner ‘likes’ Ted Cruz but the feeling may not be mutual:” Trans pedagogy and I am Cait. European journal of cultural studies, 20 (6), 672–686. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417733000
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J., 2004. Undoing gender. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cannon, Y., et al., 2017. Transition, connection, disconnection, and social media: examining the digital lived experiences of transgender individuals. Journal of LGBT issues in counseling, 11 (2), 68–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2017.1310006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carley, K., 1994. Extracting culture through textual analysis. Poetics, 22, 291–312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-422X(94)90011-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couldry, N. and Markham, T., 2007. Celebrity culture and public connection: bridge or chasm? International journal of cultural studies, 10 (4), 403–422. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877907083077
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, R., 2004. Heavenly bodies: film stars and society. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ellcessor, E., 2012. Tweeting @feliiciaday: online social media, convergence, and subcultural stardom of Felicia Day. Cinema journal, 51 (2), 46–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.2012.0010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellcessor, E., 2018. “One tweet to make so much noise:” Connected celebrity activism in the case of Marlee Matin. New media and society, 20 (1), 255–271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816661551
   Google Scholar
• Elmusharaf, K., 2012. Qualitative data collection techniques. Available from: https://www.gfmer.ch/SRH-Course-2012/research-methodology/pdf/Qualitative- data-collection-Elmusharaf-2012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, N., 2003. Analyzing discourse. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, M. and Miller, Q., 2014. Trans media moments: tumblr, 2011-2013. Television and new media, 15 (7), 611–624. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476413505002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fürsich, E., 2009. In defense of textual analysis. Journalism studies, 10 (2), 238–252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700802374050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamson, J., 1998. Freaks talk back: tabloid talk shows and sexual nonconformity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerhards, J. and Rucht, D., 1992. Mesomobilisation: organising and framing in two protest campaigns in West Germany. American journal of sociology, 98, 555–595. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/230049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazali, S. and Nor, A.M., 2012. Media roles in male-to-female transsexual identity formation among university students in Malaysia. International conference on humanity, history, and society, 43, 184–190.
   Google Scholar
• Haimson, O.L., et al., 2015. Disclosure, stress, and support during gender transition on Facebook. Gender and sexual identity, 15, 1176–1190.
   Google Scholar
• Harlow, S., 2011. Social media and social movements: facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline. New media and society, 14 (2), 225–243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811410408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, M., 2017. Celebrity influence: politics, persuasion, and issue-based advocacy. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hennessy, R., 2000. Profit and pleasure: sexual identities in late capitalism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Campaign, 2020. Violence against the transgender community in 2019. Available from: https://www.hrc.org/resources/violence-against-the-transgender- community-in-2019
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. 2018, October 25. Caitlyn Jenner, a longtime Republican, revokes support for Trump over transgender rights. The New York Times. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/us/politics/caitlyn-jenner-trump- transgender-policy.html
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., [Caitlyn_Jenner], 2015a, June 01. I’m so happy after such a long struggle to be living my true self. Welcome to the world Caitlyn. Can’t wait for to get to known her/me. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., [Caitlyn_Jenner], 2015b, July 28. Last week 2 transgender women were murdered. No one should be killed because they are transgender. Read more: http://t.co/BdcUj07Ydf [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., [Caitlyn_Jenner], 2015c, August 03. Thank you so much for all of your questions! My friends at @HRC helped me answer some of them here: http://t.co/7OjN92MtuW. Video. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2015d, August 09. Don’t forget our date tonight! Watch @IAmCait at 8pm on E! and send me your thoughts using #IAmCait. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2015e, August 31. Meet the mastermind behind @CampAranutiq, a wonderful place for trans kids and their families http://t.co/hfBIwjj21u [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2015f, September 10. How has my skin care regimen changed since transitioning? Let me give you the 411. #AskCait. Video. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2015g, December 14. Setting the record straight about some of my recent comments https://t.co/SJingmudFY. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016a, January 15. The girls are back! Season two of @IAmCait premieres on March 6 at 9pm. We can’t wait! #TCA16. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016b, February 23. Tell @SDGovDaugaard to protect trans kids by vetoing #HB1008. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016c, February 26. Some days I just gotta say … I love that I’m finally free to be me. #TransIsBeautiful. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016d, February 26. Finally free! See how @MACcosmetics and I are helping the trans community: https://t.co/nYDZf8Xvj9#MACCaitlynJenner. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016e, March 11. Backstage with @hm! So proud to be part of their inspiring #HMSport campaign. #MoreIsComing #StayTuned. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016f, March 23. Another day, another time for us to stand together! Tell @PatMcCroryNC to stop this bill with the link below #NCGA https://twitter.com/freedom4allusa/status/712721107988705285 [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016g, April 07. Read my lips … Guess what comes out tomorrow! @maccosmetics #finallyfree #seriouslyiweariteveryday #maccaitlynjenner. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016h, April 18. That rockin Chanel bag. #iamcaitlivetweet. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016i, April 18. There are so many issues in the trans community it is overwhelming. Family, dating, jobs, family. #strongestpeopleiveevermet. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016j, June 01. This has been a long time in the making. Can’t wait for you all to see this on Monday! #goingforgold #soyoung. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2016k, July 08. Can’t wait to hit the road in Cleveland #gop #lgbt. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017a, January 18. Republicans need help understanding LGBTQ issues and I’m here to help! [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017b, February 23. Well @realDonadTrump, from one Republican to another, this is a disaster. You made a promise to protect the LGBTQ community. Call me. Video. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017c, April 13. @zekerchief Being trans in the public eye is no joke, but you did good buddy. You made us proud. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017d, April 14. Read about my journey in The Secrets of My Life – available April 25 #secretsofmylife. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017e, April 21. Living authentically really is a wonderful thing! #SecretsOfMyLife. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017f, May 01. Meet me on my #SecretsOfMyLife book tour! Buy tix @IfOnly to benefit #CaitlynJennerFoundation. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017g, July 26. There are 15,000 transgender patriotic transgender Americans in the US military fighting for all of us. What happened to your promise to fight for them @POTUS? [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017h, September 26. Proud to support the @UNHumanRights global business standards. #LGBTI rights = #HumanRights https://t.co/Cbvt121TOl#Biz4LGBTI. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2017i, October 05. Trump administration’s latest in a string of attacks on trans people, trans students, trans service members, and now employment protections for trans workers. This systematic gutting of non- discrimination protections for trans people is a disgrace @jeffsessions @realdonaldtrump. [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2018a. Home. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Jenner, C., 2018b, June 12. Working hard to make the GOP more inclusive of my community – proud of NH https://t.co/LvNnlLjLeC [Tweet]. Available from: https://twitter.com/Caitlyn_Jenner
   Google Scholar
• Kadir, S. and Tidy, J., 2013. Gays, gaze, and aunty gok: the disciplining of gender and sexuality in how to look good naked. Feminist media studies, 13, 177–191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.604342
   Google Scholar
• Kurzman, C., et al., 2007. Celebrity status. Sociological Theory, 25 (4), 347–367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00313.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., 2018. Intermedia attribute agenda setting in the context of issue-focused media events: caitlyn Jenner and transgender reporting. Journalism practice, 12 (1), 56–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1273078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomicky, C.S. and Hogg, N.M., 2010. Computer-media communication and protest. Information, communication, and society, 13 (5), 674–695. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180903214515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovelock, M., 2016. Call me Caitlyn: making and making over the ‘authentic’ transgender body in Anglo-American popular culture. Journal of gender studies, 26 (6), 675–687. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1155978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovelock, M., 2017. “I am … ” Caitlyn Jenner, Jazz Jennings, and the cultural politics of transgender celebrity. Feminist media studies, 17 (5), 1–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1298649
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, G., 2015, June 01. What pronoun should you use for Caitlyn Jenner?  Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2015/6/1/8700273/transgender-pronouns
   Google Scholar
• Meyers, E., 2009. “Can you handle my truth?” Authenticity and the celebrity star image. Journal of popular culture, 42 (5), 890–907. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5931.2009.00713.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, P.R., et al., 2020. The politics of being ‘Cait:’ Caitlyn Jenner, transphobia, and parasocial contact effects on transgender-related political attitudes. In: American politics research, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Monique, 2015, June 02. Caitlyn Jenner’s Vanity Fair cover launches social media discussion of transgender issues. Color Magazine. Available from: http://colorwebmag.com/2015/06/02/catilyn-jenners-vanity-fair-cover-launches- social-media-discussion-of-transgender-issues/
   Google Scholar
• Noman, N., 2015, June 02. Laverne Cox wants you to celebrate Caitlyn Jenner, but remember there’s work to be done. Available from: http://mic.com/articles/119904/laverne-cox-praised-caitlyn-jenner-but-reminded- us-there-s-still-working-to-be- done?fb_action_ids=10100458836310796&fb_action_types=og.shares
   Google Scholar
• Obar, J.A., Zube, P., and Lampe, C., 2011. Advocacy 2.0: an analysis of how advocacy groups in the United States perceive and use social media as tools for facilitating civic engagement and collective action. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN Scholarly Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Parkinson, H.J., 2015, June 02. Caitlyn Jenner smashes Twitter world record, reaching a million followers. The Guardian. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/02/caitlyn-jenner-twitter- record-million-followers-vanity-fair
   Google Scholar
• Pham, J., 2017. Caitlyn Jenner wore a “make America great again” hat after slamming Trump. Available from: http://stylecaster.com/caitlyn-jenner-trump-transgender- military-ban/
   Google Scholar
• Rahman, M., 2011. The burdens of the flesh: star power and the queer dialectic in sports celebrity. Celebrity studies, 2 (2), 150–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2011.574850
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, K., 2016, March 4. Caitlyn Jenner wants to be trans ambassador for Ted Cruz. TIME. Available from: http://time.com/4247329/caitlyn-jenner-trans-ambassador- ted-cruz/
   Google Scholar
• Reisner, S.L., et al., 2015. Legal protections in public accommodations settings: A critical public health issue for transgender and gender-nonconforming people: protecting transgender people in public accommodations. Milbank quarterly, 93 (3), 484–515. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, D., 2017, August 27. Activist calls Caitlyn Jenner a “fraud and a fake” at trans fundraiser. The Advocate. Available from: https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2017/8/27/activist-calls-caitlyn-jenner- fraud-and-fake-trans-fundraiser-video
   Google Scholar
• Sarkar, C. and Kotler, P., 2018. Brand activism from purpose to action. Houston, TX: Idea Bite Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tarrow, S., 1988. Power in movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tatarchevskiy, T., 2011. The “popular” culture of Internet activism. New media and society, 13 (2), 297–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810372785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J.K., Lewis, D.C., and Haider-Markel, D.P., 2018. The remarkable rise of transgender rights. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tharrett, M., 2016, January 06. Caitlyn Jenner says she’s working hard to educate herself on trans issues. Available from: http://www.newnownext.com/caitlyn- jenner-says-shes-working-hard-to-educate-herself-on-trans-issues/01/2016/
   Google Scholar
• Tsaliki, L., 2015. “Tweeting the good causes:” Social networking and celebrity activism. In: P.D. Marshall and S. Redmond, eds. Companion to celebrity studies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 235–257.
   Google Scholar
• Usher, B., 2015. Twitter and the celebrity interview. Celebrity studies, 6 (3), 306–321. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2015.1062641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarreal, Y., 2015, July 29. I am Jazz: 14, transgender, and the star of my own doc- series. Available from: https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2015/07/29/i-am- jazz-jennings-14-transgender-and-star-my-own-docu-series
   Google Scholar
• West, D.M., 2008. Angelina, Mia, and Bono: celebrities and international development. Global development, 2, 74–84.
   Google Scholar
• West, D.M. and Orman, J., 2003. Celebrity politics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, M., 2014. The mediatisation of celebrity politics through social media. International journal of digital television, 5 (3), 221–235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1386/jdtv.5.3.221_1
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M.L., 2016. “I don’t belong in here!” A social media analysis of digital protest, transgender rights, and international restroom legislation. In: K. Langmia and T.C.M. Tyree, eds. Social media: culture and identity. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 27–48.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, L.A. and Kroger, R.O., 2000. Doing discourse analysis: methods for studying action in talk and text. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar