The Dutch star on the flag of Europe: the personalisation of national identity in Geert Wilders’ celebrity politics

References

• Aalberts, C., 2012. Achter de PVV: Waarom burgers op Geert Wilders stemmen. Delft: Eburon.
   Google Scholar
• Aerts, R., 2001. Living apart together: Verdraagzaamheid in Nederland sinds de negentiende eeuw. In: M. ten Hooven, ed. De lege tolerantie: over vrijheid en vrijblijvendheid in Nederland. Amsterdam: Boom, 60–79.
   Google Scholar
• Albertazzi, D. and McDonnell, D., eds., 2008. Twenty-first century populism: the spectre of Western European democracy. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Beller, M., 2007. Toleration/Intolerance. In: M. Beller and J. Leerssen, eds. Imagology: the cultural construction and literary representation of national characters. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 437–441.
   Google Scholar
• Beller, M. and Leerssen, J., eds., 2007. Imagology: the cultural construction and literary representation of national characters. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
   Google Scholar
• Blancquart, G. and Cook, D., 2013. Twitter influence and cumulative perceptions of extremist support: a case study of Geert Wilders. Research paper. Available from: http://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=act. [Accessed 1 Dec 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Bloemendal, J., 1999. Rond de Vader des Vaderlands: Oranje, Heinsius en Leiden. In: K. Enenkel, S. Onderdelinden, and P.J. Smith, eds. Typisch Nederlands”: De Nederlandse identiteit in de letterkunde. Voorthuizen, the Netherlands: Florivallis, 11–25.
   Google Scholar
• Blom, J. and Lamberts, E., 1999. History of the low countries. New York: Berghahn.
   Google Scholar
• Bruter, M., 2004. On what citizens mean by feeling ‘European’: perceptions of news, symbols and borderless-ness. Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 30 (1), 21–39. doi:10.1080/1369183032000170150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corner, J., 2003. Mediated persona and political culture. In: J. Corner and D. Pels, eds. Media and the restyling of politics: consumerism, celebrity and cynicism. London: Sage, 67–84.
   Google Scholar
• de Bruijn, H., 2011. Geert Wilders speaks out: the rhetorical frames of a European populist. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, R.E., et al. 2017. Politieke persoonlijkheden: Perceptie van de publieke persoonlijkheid van partijleiders uit de Nederlandse politiek voorafgaand aan de 2017 Tweede Kamer-verkiezingen. Research report. Available from: https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/political-personalities-perception-of-the-public-personality-of-d. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Duyvendak, J.W., 2011. The politics of home: belonging and Nostalgia in Europe and the United States. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• EuroTrump, 2017. Documentary. Directed by S. R. Morse. London: Observatory.
   Google Scholar
• Faber, S., 2018. Is dutch bad boy Thierry Baudet the new face of the European alt-right? The Nation, April 30-May 7. Available from: https://www.thenation.com/article/is-dutch-bad-boy-thierry-baudet-the-new-face-of-the-european-alt-right. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Gonawela, A., et al., 2018. Speaking their mind: populist style and antagonistic messaging in the tweets of Donald Trump, Narendra Modi, Nigel Farage, and Geert Wilders. Computer supported cooperative work, 27 (3–6), 293–326. doi:10.1007/s10606-018-9316-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groshek, J. and Engelbert, J., 2013. Double differentiation in a cross-national comparison of populist political movements and online media uses in the United States and the Netherlands. New media and society, 15 (2), 183–202. doi:10.1177/1461444812450685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handelingen II, Handelingen der Tweede Kamer [Online transcripts]. (1995-present). Available from: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/zoeken/parlementaire_documenten. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Heinisch, R., 2008. Austria: the structure and agency of Austrian populism. In: D. Albertazzi and D. McDonnell, eds. Twenty-first century populism: the spectre of Western European democracy. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 67–83.
   Google Scholar
• Hobsbawn, E. and Ranger, T., eds., 1983. The invention of tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
   Google Scholar
• Kešić, J. and Duyvendak, J.W., 2016. Anti-nationalist nationalism: the paradox of dutch national identity. Nations and nationalism, 22 (3), 581–597. doi:10.1111/nana.12187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloek, J.J., 1999. Vaderland en letterkunde. In: N. van Sas, ed., Vaderland: Een geschiedenis van de vijftiende eeuw tot 1940. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 237–274.
   Google Scholar
• Kooi, C., 2018. Religious tolerance. In: G. Janssen and H. Helmers, eds. The cambridge companion to the dutch golden age. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 208–223.
   Google Scholar
• Krol, E., 2007. Dutch. In: M. Beller and J. Leerssen, eds. Imagology: the cultural construction and literary representation of national characters. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 142–145.
   Google Scholar
• Kuitenbrouwer, J., 2010. De woorden van Wilders & hoe ze werken. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij.
   Google Scholar
• Kurth, L. and Glasbergen, P., 2017. The influence of populism on tolerance: a thematic content analysis of the dutch Islam debate. Culture and religion, 18 (3), 212–231. doi:10.1080/14755610.2017.1358194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landtsheer, C., Kalkhoven, L., and Broen, L., 2011. De beeldspraak van Geert Wilders, een Tsunami over Nederland? Tijdschrift voor communicatiewetenschap, 39 (4), 5–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leerssen, J., 2006. National thought in Europe: a cultural history. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leerssen, J., 2007. Imagology: history and method. In: M. Beller and J. Leerssen, eds. Imagology: the cultural construction and literary representation of national characters. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 17–32.
   Google Scholar
• Lucardie, P. and Voerman, G., 2013. Geert Wilders and the party for freedom: a political entrepreneur in the polder. In: K. Grabouw and F. Hartleb, eds. Exposing the demogogues: right-wing and national populist parties in Europe. Brussel: Centre for European Studies & Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 187–204.
   Google Scholar
• Marshal, P.D., 1997. Celebrity and power: fame in contemporary culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Meijer Drees, M., 1999. Vechten voor het vaderland’ in de literatuur, 1650–1750. In: N. van Sas, ed. Vaderland: Een geschiedenis van de vijftiende eeuw tot 1940. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 109–142.
   Google Scholar
• NOS, 2014. Wilders knipt ster uit vlag Europa. Available from: http://nos.nl/artikel/650299-wilders-knipt-ster-uit-vlag-europa.html. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Nunn, H. and Biressi, A., 2010. A trust betrayed: celebrity and the work of emotion. Celebrity studies, 1 (1), 49–64. doi:10.1080/19392390903519065
   Google Scholar
• Otjes, S. and Louwerse, T., 2015. Populists in parliament: comparing left-wing and right-wing populism in the Netherlands. Political studies, 63 (1), 60–79. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudenampsen, M., 2013. Explaining the swing to the right: the dutch debate on the rise of right-wing populism. In: R. Wodak, M. KhosraviNik, and B. Mral, eds. Right-wing populism in Europe. London: Bloomsbury, 191–208.
   Google Scholar
• Oudenampsen, M., 2016. Deconstructing Ayaan Hirsi Ali: on Islamism, neoconservatism, and the clash of civilisations. Politics, religion & ideology, 17 (2–3), 227–248. doi:10.1080/21567689.2016.1232195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudenampsen, M. 2018. The conservative embrace of progressive values: on the intellectual origins of the swing to the right in dutch politics. PhD diss. Tilburg University, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Pels, D., 2003. Aesthetic representation and political style: re-balancing identity and difference in media democracy. In: J. Corner and D. Pels, eds. Media and the restyling of politics: consumerism, celebrity and cynicism. London: Sage, 41–66.
   Google Scholar
• Pels, D., 2011. Het volk bestaat niet: Leiderschap en populisme in de mediademocratie. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij.
   Google Scholar
• PVV, 2006a. Een nieuwe Gouden Eeuw. Available from: https://www.pvv.nl/index.php/30-visie/publicaties/703-een-nieuwe-gouden-eeuw.html. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• PVV, 2006b. Klare wijn. Available from: http://www.pvv.nl/index.php/component/content/article/30-publicaties/706-klare-wijn.html0. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• PVV, 2008. PVV Spotje zendtijd voor politieke partijen. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KgwVlewo17w. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• PVV, 2010. De agenda van hoop en optimisme: Een tijd om te kiezen: PVV 2010–2015. Available from: https://www.parlement.com/9291000/d/2010_pvv_verkiezingsprogramma.pdf. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• PVV, 2012. Hún Brussel, óns Nederland. Available from: https://www.pvv.nl/images/stories/verkiezingen2012/VerkiezingsProgramma-PVV-2012-final-web.pdf. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Rensen, M., 2011. Geloven in Nederland: de PVV-retoriek in het debat over de nieuwe nationale identiteit. In: J. Verheijen and J. Bekkenkamp, eds. Onszelf voorbij: over de grenzen van verbondenheid. Almere, the Netherlands: Parthenon, 23–49.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, N., 2016. Geert Wilders: why voters are flocking to the dutch trump. Available from: http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/14/europe/geert-wilders-holland-robertson/. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• RTL, 2016. Van Donald Duck tot Kim Holland: Wilders’ stiekeme Twitteraccount. Available from: http://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/politiek/van-donald-duck-tot-kim-holland-wilders-stiekeme-twitteraccount. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Scheffer, P., 2011. Immigrant nations. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Shore, C., 2013. Building Europe: the cultural politics of European integration. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Siegal, N., 2016. Geert Wilders, dutch far-right leader, is convicted of inciting discrimination. The New York Times, 9 Dec.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, A.C., 2015. The affective atmospheres of nationalism. Cultural geographies, 23 (2), 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Street, J., 2004. Celebrity politicians: popular culture and political representation. The British journal of politics and international relations, 6 (4), 435–452. doi:10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00149.x
   Google Scholar
• Street, J., 2018. What is Donald Trump? Forms of ‘celebrity’ in celebrity politics. Political studies review, 1–11. [Accessed 1 December 2018]. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929918772995
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. and Szczerbiak, A., 2013. Coming in from the cold? Euroscepticism, government participation and party positions on Europe. JCMS: journal of common market studies, 51 (1), 17–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theunissen, A., 2012. Political transparency in the media: the old media’s influence on politicians’ Twitter behaviour. MaRBLe. Available from: http://openjournals.maastrichtuniversity.nl/Marble/article/download/118/68. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• van Dam, P., Mellink, B., and Turpijn, J., 2014. Inleiding. In: P. Dam, B. van Mellink, and J. Turpijn, eds. Onbehagen in de polder: Nederland in conflict sinds 1795. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 7–21.
   Google Scholar
• van Holsteyn, J., 2018. The dutch parliamentary elections of March 2017. West European politics, 41 (6), 1364–1377. doi:10.1080/01402382.2018.1448556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kessel, S., 2011. Explaining the electoral performance of populist parties: the Netherlands as a case study. Perspectives on European politics and society, 12 (1), 68–88. doi:10.1080/15705854.2011.546148
   Google Scholar
• van Kessel, S. and Castelein, R., 2016. Shifting the blame: populist politicians’ use of Twitter as a tool of opposition. Journal of contemporary European research, 12 (2), 594–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Pas, D., de Vries, C., and van der Brug, W., 2013. A leader without a party: exploring the relationship between Geert Wilders’ leadership performance in the media and his electoral success. Party politics, 19 (3), 458–476. doi:10.1177/1354068811407579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Reekum, R., 2012. As nation, people and public collide: enacting dutchness in public discourse. Nations and nationalism, 18 (4), 583–602. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2012.00554.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Reekum, R., 2014. Out of character: debating dutchness, narrating citizenship. PhD diss. University of Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• van Reekum, R., 2016. Raising the question: articulating the dutch identity crisis through public debate. Nations and nationalism, 22 (3), 561–580. doi:10.1111/nana.12154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sas, N., 2004. De metamorfose van Nederland: van oude orde naar moderniteit 1750–1900. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Zoonen, L., 2005. Entertaining the citizen: when politics and popular culture converge. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Velema, W., 1999. Het Nederlandse vrijheidsbegrip: Ter inleiding. In: E. Haitsma Mulier and W. Velema, eds. Vrijheid: Een geschiedenis van de vijftiende tot de twintigste eeuw. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Velema, W., 2007. Republicans: essays on eighteenth-century dutch political thought. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Veronica, 2010. Heroes: Geert Wilders als Michiel de Ruyter. Veronica Magazine, 10 June. Available from: https://www.veronicamagazine.nl/entertainment/backstage/128-geert-wilders-als-michiel-de-ruyter. [Accessed 18 August 2016].
   Google Scholar
• Vossen, K., 2010. Populism in the Netherlands after Fortuyn: Rita Verdonk and Geert Wilders compared. Perspectives on European politics and society, 11 (1), 22–38. doi:10.1080/15705850903553521
   Google Scholar
• Vossen, K., 2011. Classifying Wilders: the ideological development of Geert Wilders and his party for freedom. Politics, 31 (3), 179–189. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2011.01417.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vossen, K., 2013. Rondom Wilders: Portret van de PVV. Amsterdam: Boom.
   Google Scholar
• Vossen, K., 2016. The dutch whistleblower: Geert Wilders as figurehead of international anti-Islam alarmism. In: J. Jamin, ed. L’extrême droite en Europe. Liège: Bruylant, 65–72.
   Google Scholar
• Wertheim, D., 2017. Geert Wilders and the national-populist turn toward the Jews in Europe. In: D. Wertheim, ed. The Jew as legitimation: Jewish-gentile relations beyond antisemitism and philosemitism. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 275–289.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, M., 2013. Celebrity politics: image and identity in contemporary political communications. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Wilders, G., 2005. Kies voor vrijheid: Een eerlijk antwoord. Den Haag: Groep Wilders.
   Google Scholar
• Wilders, G., 2012. Marked for death: Islams’ war against the west and me. Washington: Regnery.
   Google Scholar
• Wilders, G., 2018a. Twitter account Geert Wilders. Available from: https://mobile.twitter.com/geertwilderspvv. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Wilders, G., 2018b. Twitter account Willie Geerens. Available from: https://mobile.twitter.com/zip15nl_frank. [Accessed 1 December 2018].
   Google Scholar
• Wils, L., 2005. Van Clovis tot Di Rupo: De lange weg van de naties in de Lage Landen. Antwerpen: Garant.
   Google Scholar
• Wodak, R. and Boukala, S., 2015. European identities and the revival of nationalism in the European Union: a discourse historical approach. Journal of language and politics, 14 (1), 87–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar