Pilot survey of commercial pasteurized milk consumed in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for tetracyclines residues, including the 4-epimers of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline

References

• Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) 2009. Programa Nacional de Análise de Resíduos de Medicamentos Veterinários em Alimentos Expostos ao Consumo – PAMVet. Relatório 2006/2007 – Monitoramento de Resíduos em Leite Exposto ao Consumo (5° e 6° anos de atividades). Available from: http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/wps/wcm/connect/39d8690041f09967bc19fd255d42da10/PAMVET.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
   Google Scholar
• Andersen , WC , Roybal , JE , Gonzales , SA , Turnipseed , SB , Pfenning , AP and Kuck , LR . 2005 . Determination of tetracycline residues in shrimp and whole milk using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and residue confirmation by mass spectrometry . Anal Chim Acta , 529 : 145 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bando , E , Oliveira , RC , Ferreira , GMZ and Machinski , MJ . 2009 . Occurrence of antimicrobial residues in pasteurized milk commercialized in the state of Paraná, Brazil . J Food Prot , 72 ( 4 ) : 911 – 914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasil 1986. Ministério da Agricultura. Portaria No. 51, de 06 de fevereiro de 1986. Dispõe sobre a instituição do Plano Nacional de Controle de Resíduos Biológicos em Produtos de Origem Animal – PNCRB. DOU Seção 1 2288
   Google Scholar
• Brasil 2003. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução RDC no. 253 de 16 de setembro de 2003. Cria o Programa Nacional de Análise de Resíduos de Medicamentos Veterinários em Alimentos de Origem Animal – PAMVet. DOU Seção 1 181:90-91
   Google Scholar
• Brasil 2009. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Gabinete do Ministro. Instrução Normativa no. 26 de 9 de julho de 2009: aprova o Regulamento Técnico para a fabricação, o controle de qualidade, a comercialização e o emprego de produtos antimicrobianos de uso veterinário. DOU Seção 1 131:14–16
   Google Scholar
• Capolongo , F , Santi , A , Tomasi , L , Anfossi , P , Missagia , M and Montesissa , C . 2002 . Residues of oxytetracycline and its 4-epimer in edible tissues from turkeys . J AOAC Int , 85 : 8 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherlet , M , De Baere , S and De Backer , P . 2003 . Quantitative analysis of oxytetracycline and its 4-epimer in calf tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry . Analyst , 128 : 871 – 878 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Codex Alimentarius Commission 2009. Maximum Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs in Foods, Updated as at the 32nd Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (July 2009). CAC/MRL 02-2009.; Available from: http://www.codexalimentarius.net/vetdrugs/data/MRL2_e_2009.pdf. Accessed: 12 May 2010
   Google Scholar
• Commission of the European Communities . 2002 . Commission Decision 2002/657/EC of 12 August 2002 implementing Council Directive 96/23/EC concerning the performance of analytical methods and interpretation of results . Off J Eur Commun. L , 221 : 8 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Croubels , S , Baert , K , De Busser , J and De Backer , P . 1998 . Residue study of doxycycline and 4-epidoxycycline in pigs medicated via drinking water . Analyst , 123 : 2733 – 2736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products 1995. Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products. Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, Chlortetracycline. Summary Report (3), EMEA/MRL/023/95 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/Tetracyclines(3)02395.pdf. Accessed: 13 April 2010
   Google Scholar
• European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products 1996. Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products. Doxycycline Hyclate. Summary Report (1), EMEA/MRL/101/96-FINAL [Internet]. Available from: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/010196en.pdf. Accessed: 13 April 2010
   Google Scholar
• European Commission 2007. Food and Veterinary Office. Final Report of a mission carried out in Brazil from 27 February to 28 March 2007 concerning the evaluation of the control of residues and contaminants in live animals and animal products, including controls on veterinary medicinal products. DG(SANCO)/2007-7315 MR Final
   Google Scholar
• European Commission 2009. Regulation (EC) No. 470/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 May 2009: laying down Community procedures for the establishment of residue limits of pharmacologically active substances in foodstuffs of animal origin, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2377/90 and amending Directive 2001/82/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Off J Eur Union L152:11-22
   Google Scholar
• European Commission 2010. Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010 of 22 December 2009: on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin. Off J Eur Union L15:1–72
   Google Scholar
• Fletouris , DJ and Papapanagiotou , EP . 2008 . A new liquid chromatographic method for routine determination of oxytetracycline marker residue in the edible tissues of farm animals . Anal Bioanal Chem , 391 : 1189 – 1198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletouris , DJ , Papapanagiotou , EP and Nakos , DS . 2008 . Liquid chromatographic determination and depletion profile of oxytetracycline in milk after repeated intramuscular administration in sheep . J Chromatogr B , 876 : 148 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folly , MM and Machado , SCA . 2001 . Antibiotics residues determination, using microbial inhibition, protein-binding and immunoassays methods, in pasteurized milk commercialized in the Northern region of Rio de Janeiro State . Cienc Rural , 31 ( 1 ) : 95 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Hassani , M , Lázaro , R , Pérez , C , Condón , S and Págan , R . 2008 . Thermostability of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and doxycycline at ultrahigh temperatures . J Agric Food Chem , 56 : 2676 – 2680 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock , CM , Chen , L and Volmer , DA . 1999 . Rapid analysis of tetracycline antibiotics by combined solid phase microextraction/high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry . Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom , 13 : 1744 – 1754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamani , MCV , Reyes , FGR and Rath , S . 2009 . Multiresidue determination of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and chloramphenicol in bovine milk using HPLC–DAD. 2009 . Food Chem. , 117 ( 3 ) : 545 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins Júnior , HA , Kussumi , TA , Wang , AY and Lebre , DT . 2007 . A rapid method to determine antibiotic residues in milk using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry . J Braz Chem Soc , 18 ( 2 ) : 397 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercosul. Mercado Comum do Cone Sul. 2000. Resolução no. 54 de 29 de setembro de 2000. Aprova o Regulamento Técnico Mercosul sobre Metodologias Analíticas, Ingestão Diária Admissível e Limites Máximos de Resíduos para Medicamentos Brasília: Veterinários em Alimentos de Origem Animal
   Google Scholar
• Moats , WA . 1988 . Inactivation of antibiotics by heating in foods and other substrates – a review . J Food Prot , 51 : 491 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morais , CMQJ and Durães , TS . da Nóbrega AW, Jacob SC. 2010. Presença de resíduos de antibióticos em leite bovino pasteurizado. Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment. 30(Suppl. 1):33–35
   Google Scholar
• Nakazawa , H , Ino , S , Kato , K , Watanebe , T , Ito , Y and Oka , H . 1999 . Simultaneous determination of residual tetracyclines in foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry . J Chromatogr B , 732 : 55 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruyck De , H and Ridder De , H . 2007 . Determination of tetracycline antibiotics in cow's milk by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry . Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom , 21 : 1511 – 1520 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spisso , BF , Araújo Júnior , MAG , Monteiro , MA , Lima , AMB , Pereira , MU , Luiz , RA and Nóbrega , AW . 2009 . A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry confirmatory assay for the simultaneous determination of several tetracyclines in milk considering keto-enol tautomerism and epimerization phenomena . Anal Chim Acta , 656 : 72 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnipseed , SB , Andersen , WC , Karbiwnyk , CM , Madson , MR and Miller , KE . 2008 . Multi-class, multi-residue liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry screening and confirmation methods for drug residues in milk . Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom , 22 : 1467 – 1480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regulations , US Code of Federal . 2009 . US Code of Federal Regulations , Washington (DC) : US Government Printing Office. Title 21, Part 556, Section 500, Chapter 1. . Available from: http://www.fda.gov. Accessed: 13 April 2010
   Google Scholar
• Zurhelle , G , Mueller-Seitz , E and Petz , M . 2000a . Automated residue analysis of tetracyclines and their metabolites in whole egg, egg white, egg yolk and hen's plasma utilizing a modified ASTED system . J Chromatogr B , 739 : 191 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurhelle , G , Petz , M , Mueller-Seitz , E and Siewert , E . 2000b . Metabolites of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline and their distribution in egg white, egg yolk, and hen plasma . J Agric Food Chem , 48 : 6392 – 6396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar