1,711
Views
46
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions

, , &
Pages 744-753 | Received 24 Jan 2011, Accepted 10 Mar 2011, Published online: 27 May 2011

References

  • Al Khalifa , AS and Ahmad , D . 2010 . Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia . Afr J Food Sci , 4 : 464 – 468 .
  • Baxter , MJ , Burrell , JA and Massey , RC . 1990 . The aluminium content of infant formula and tea . Food Addit Contam , 7 : 101 – 107 .
  • Baxter , MJ , Burrell , JA , Crews , H and Massey , RC . 1991 . Aluminium levels in milk and infant formulae . Food Addit Contam A , 8 : 653 – 660 .
  • Bernardo JF, Edwards MR, Barnett B. 2010. Toxicity, aluminum. eMedicine; [cited 2010 Aug 4]. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/165315-overview
  • Burrell SAM, Exley C. 2010. There is (still) too much aluminium in infant formulas. BMC Pediatrics 10:63, p. 1–14. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/10/63
  • Canadian Paediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada and Health Canada. 2005. Nutrition for healthy term infants. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/pubs/infant-nourrisson/nut_infant_nourrisson_term_4-eng.php
  • Commission of the European Communities. 2001. Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001. Setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Section 3. Heavy Metals. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/fcr/fcr02_en.pdf
  • Committee on Nutrition. 1996. American Academy of Pediatrics: aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics 97:413–416
  • Committee on Nutrition. 1998. American Academy of Pediatrics: soy protein-based formulas: recommendations for use in infant feeding. Pediatrics 101:148–153
  • Dabeka , RW . 1989 . Survey of lead, cadmium, cobalt and nickel in infant formulas and evaporated milks and estimation of dietary intakes of the elements by infants 0–12 months old . Sci Total Environ , 89 : 279 – 289 .
  • Dabeka , RW and McKenzie , AD . 1986 . Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead and cadmium in food after nitric–perchloric acid digestion and coprecipitation with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate . Can J Spectrosc , 31 : 44 – 52 .
  • Dabeka , RW and McKenzie , AD . 1990 . Aluminium levels in Canadian infant formulae and estimation of aluminium intakes from formulae by infants 0–3 months old . Food Addit Contam A , 7 : 275 – 282 .
  • Dabeka , RW , Karpinski , KF , McKenzie , AD and Bajdik , CD . 1986 . Survey of lead, cadmium and fluoride in human milk and correlation of levels with environmental and food factors . Food Chem Toxicol , 9 : 913 – 921 .
  • Department of Justice. 2011. Food and Drugs Act, Food and Drug Regulations. Division 15. Adulteration of Food. B.155.003. Table 1. Available from: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C.R.C.-c.870/page-1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_B-gb:l_15
  • Ding HC, Liu HJ, Sheu YL, Chang TC. 2008. Abstract: Survey of β-lactam antibiotics and heavy metals in infant milk powder and human milk. Taiwan: Food and Drug Administration; [cited 2010 September 10]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov.tw/eng/publish_periodical.aspx?publish_periodicalsn=465andkeyword=andclassifysn=232andbelongsn=235andperiodicallistsn=13
  • Eklund , G and Oskarsson , A . 1999 . Exposure of cadmium from infant formulas and weaning foods . Food Addit Contam A , 16 : 509 – 519 .
  • Gruskin , AB . 1991 . “ Aluminum toxicity in infants and children ” . In Trace elements in nutrition of children. II , Edited by: Chandra , RJ . 15 – 25 . New York : Raven Press. .
  • Gulson , BL , Mizon , KJ , Palmer , JM , Patison , N , Law , AJ , Korsch , MJ , Mahaffey , KR and Donnelly , JB . 2001 . Longitudinal study of daily intake and excretion of lead in newly born infants . Environ Res , 85 : 232 – 245 .
  • Hawkins , NM , Coffey , S , Lawson , MS and Delves , HT . 1994 . Potential aluminium toxicity in infants fed special infant formula . J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr , 19 : 377 – 381 .
  • Ikem , A , Nwankwoala , A , Odueyungbo , S , Nyavor , K and Egiebor , N . 2002 . Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP–OES . Food Chem , 77 : 439 – 447 .
  • Johnson , MD , Kenney , N , Stoica , A , Hilakivi-Clarke , L , Singh , B , Chepko , G , Clarke , R , Sholler , PF , Lirio , AA Foss , C . 2003 . Cadmium mimics the in vivo effects of estrogen in the uterus and mammary gland . Nature Med , 9 : 1081 – 1084 .
  • Klein GL, Leichtner AM, Heyman MB. 2004. Patient Care Committee of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Position Statement of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition: Aluminum in Large and Small Volume Parenterals Used in Total Parenteral Nutrition: Response to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Notice of Proposed Rule by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Available from: http://www.naspgn.org/sub/aluminum.asp
  • MAFF UK. 1999. Metals and other elements in infant foods. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Food Surveillance Information Sheet No. 190. Available from: http://archive.food.gov.uk/maff/archive/food/infsheet/1999/no190/190inf.htm
  • Navarro-Blasco , I and Alvarez-Galindo , JI . 2003 . Aluminium content of Spanish infant formula . Food Addit Contam A , 20 : 470 – 781 .
  • Navas-Acien , A , Tellez-Plaza , M , Guallar , E , Muntner , P , Silbergeld , E , Jaar , B and Weaver , V . 2009 . Blood cadmium and lead and chronic kidney disease in us adults: a joint analysis . Am J Epidemiol , 170 : 1156 – 1164 .
  • Oskarsson , A , Palminger Hallen , I , Sundberg , J and Petersson Grawe , K . 1998 . Risk assessment in relation to neonatal metal exposure . Analyst , 123 : 19 – 23 .
  • Riolfatti , M and Veronese , M . 1990 . Heavy metals in milk formulae . Igiene Moderna , 93 : 1090 – 1100 .
  • Rodriguez Rodriguez , EM , Delgado Uretra , E and Diaz Romero , C . 1999 . Concentrations of cadmium and lead in different types of milk . Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A , 208 : 162 – 168 .
  • Sahin , G , Aydin , S , Istimer , A , Ozalp , I and Duru , S . 1995 . Aluminium content of infant formulas used in Turkey . Biol Trace Elem Res , 50 : 87 – 88 .
  • Tripathi , RM , Raghunath , R , Sastry , VN and Krishnamoorthy , TM . 1999 . Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products . Sci Total Environ , 227 : 229 – 235 .
  • Tseng , HC . 1985 . Lead, manganese and mercury contents of milk and milk products . J Agric Assn China , 130 : 58 – 70 .
  • Ursinyova , M and Hladikova , V . 1997 . The intake of selected toxic elements from milk in infants . Fresenius Environ Bull , 6 : 627 – 632 .
  • Ursinyova , M and Masanova , V . 2005 . Cadmium, lead and mercury in human milk from Slovakia . Food Addit Contam A , 22 : 579 – 589 .
  • US Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. Integrated Risk Information System, “Lead and compounds (inorganic)” (CASRN 7439-92-1). Available from: http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0277.htm
  • US FDA. 2008. Total Diet Study. US Food and Drug Administration. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/TotalDietStudy/default.htm
  • Winiarska-Mieczan , A . 2009 . Assessment of infant exposure to lead and cadmium content in infant formulas . J Elementol , 14 : 573 – 581 .
  • Wojciechowska-Mazurek , M , Starska , K , Brulinska-Ostrowska , E , Plewa , M , Biernat , U and Karlowski , K . 2008 . Monitoring of cadmium contamination of foodstuffs with elements noxious to human health. Part 1. Wheat cereal products, vegetable products, confectionery and products for infants and children (2004) . Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig , 59 : 251 – 266 .