References
- Ahmed I, Abdelateef S, Laqqan M, Amor H, Abdel-Lah MA, Hammadeh ME. 2018. Influence of extended incubation time on human sperm chromatin condensation, sperm DNA strand breaks and their effect on fertilisation rate. Andrologia. 50(4):e12960. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12960.
- Ahmed TA. 2019. Role of oxidative stress in male infertility: an updated review. J Hum Reprod Sci. 12(1):4–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrs.JHRS_150_18.
- Aitken RJ, Buckingham DW, West KM. 1992. Reactive oxygen species and human spermatozoa: analysis of the cellular mechanisms involved in luminol- and lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence. J Cell Physiol. 151(3):466–477. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041510305.
- Aitken RJ, Gibb Z, Mitchell LA, Lambourne SR, Connaughton HS, De Iuliis GN. 2012. Sperm motility is lost in vitro as a consequence of mitochondrial free radical production and the generation of electrophilic aldehydes but can be significantly rescued by the presence of nucleophilic thiols. Biol Reprod. 87(5):110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.112.102020.
- Ashwood-Smith MJ, Hollands P, Edwards RG. 1989. The use of albuminar (TM) as a medium supplement in clinical IVF. Hum Reprod. 4(6):702–705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136970.
- Athayde KS, Cocuzza M, Agarwal A, Krajcir N, Lucon AM, Srougi M, Hallak J. 2007. Development of normal reference values for seminal reactive oxygen species and their correlation with leukocytes and semen parameters in a fertile population. J Androl. 28(4):613–620. doi:https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.106.001966.
- Ben WX, Fu MT, Mao LK, Ming ZW, Xiong WW. 1997. Effects of various concentrations of native seminal plasma in cryoprotectant on viability of human sperm. Arch Androl. 39(3):211–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/01485019708987918.
- Biggers JD. 1987. Pioneering mammalian embryo culture. The Mammalian Preimplantation Embryo. New York: Plenum Press; p. 1–22.
- Björndahl L. 2010. The usefulness and significance of assessing rapidly progressive spermatozoa. Asian J Androl. 12(1):33–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2008.50.
- Boomsma CM, Heineman MJ, Cohlen BJ, Farquhar C. 2007. Semen preparation techniques for intrauterine insemination. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4:CD004507.
- Bungum M, Humaidan P, Bungum L. 2002. Recombinant human albumin as protein source in culture media used for IVF: a prospective randomized study. Reprod Biomed Online. 4(3):233–236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)61811-1.
- Burkman LJ. 1991. Discrimination between non hyperactivated and classical hyperactivated motility patterns in human spermatozoa using computerized analysis. Fertil Steril. 55(2):363–371. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54131-4.
- Calamera JC, Fernandez PJ, Buffone MG, Acosta AA, Doncel GF. 2001. Effects of long-term in vitro incubation of human spermatozoa: functional parameters and catalase effect. Andrologia. 33(2):79–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0272.2001.00409.x.
- Carlsen E, Giwercman A, Keiding N, Skakkebaek NE. 1992. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ. 305(6854):609–613. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6854.609.
- Cicaré J, Caille A, Zumoffen C, Ghersevich S, Bahamondes L, Munuce MJ. 2014. In vitro incubation of human spermatozoa promotes reactive oxygen species generation and DNA fragmentation. Andrologia. 47(8):861–866. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12337.
- Ciccone IM, Costa EMF, Pariz JR, Teixeira TA, Drevet JR, Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ, Hallak J. 2020. Serum vitamin D content is associated with semenparameters and serum testosterone levels in men. Asian J Androl. 22(1):1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_102_19.
- Clark GF, Schust DJ. 2013. Manifestations of immune tolerance in the human female reproductive tract. Front Immunol. 13(4):26.
- Davis RO, Katz DF. 1992. Standardization and comparability of CASA® instruments. J Androl. 13(1):81–86.
- De Lamirande E, Jiang H, Zini A, Kodama H, Gagnon C. 1997. Reactive oxygen species and sperm physiology. Rev Reprod. 2(1):48–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1530/ror.0.0020048.
- Edwards RG, Steptoe PC, Purdy JM. 1980. Establishing full-term human pregnancies using cleaving embryos grown in vitro. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 87(9):737–756. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1980.tb04610.x.
- Evenson DP. 2016. The Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay (SCSA®) and other sperm DNA fragmentation tests for evaluation of sperm nuclear DNA integrity as related to fertility. Anim Reprod Sci. 169:56–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.01.017.
- Evenson DP, Higgins PJ, Grueneberg D, Ballachey BE. 1985. Flow cytometric analysis of mouse spermatogenic function following exposure to ethylnitrosourea. Cytometry. 6(3):238–253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.990060311.
- Fácio CL, Previato LF, Machado-Paula LA, Matheus PC, Filho EA. 2016. Comparison of two sperm processing techniques for low complexity assisted fertilization: sperm washing followed by swim-up and discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. JBRA Assist Reprod. 20(4):206–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20160040.
- Fitzpatrick JL, Lüpold S. 2014. Sexual selection and the evolution of sperm quality. Mol Hum Reprod. 20(12):1180–1189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gau067.
- Franken DR, Van Wyk R, Stoumann C, Avari K. 2011. Temperature controlled centrifugation improves sperm retrieval. Andrologia. 43(3):217–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01136.x.
- Gadea J, Selles E, Marco MA, Coy P, Mata C, Romar R, Ruiz S. 2004. Decrease in glutathione content in boar sperm after cryopreservation. Effect of the addition of reduced glutathione to the freezing and thawing extenders. Theriogenology 62(3–4):690–701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.11.013.
- Gallup GG, Finn MM, Sammis B. 2009. On the Origin of Descended Scrotal Testicles: the Activation Hypothesis. Evolutionary Psychol. 7(4):517–526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/147470490900700402.
- Gardner DK. 2008. Dissection of culture media for embryos: the most important and less important components and characteristics. Reprod Fertil Dev. 20(1):9–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1071/RD07160.
- Gardner DK, Lane B. 1997. Culture and selection of viable blastocysts: a feasible proposition for human IVF? Hum Reprod Update. 3(4):367–382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/3.4.367.
- Gardner DK, Lane M. 1993. Amino acids and ammonium regulate mouse embryo development in culture. Biol Reprod. 48(2):377–385. doi:https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod48.2.377.
- Gonzalez-Cuevas J, Navarro-Partida J, Marquez-Aguirre AL, Bueno-Topete MR, Beas-Zarate C, Aemendariz-Borunda J. 2011. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid induces antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in experimental liver fibrosis. Redox Rep. 16(2):62–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1179/174329211X13002357050851.
- Hallak J. 2017a. A call for more responsible use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) in male infertility: the hidden consequences of abuse, lack of andrological investigation and inaction. Transl Androl Urol. 6(5):997–1004. doi:https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.08.03.
- Hallak J. 2017b. Utility of sperm DNA fragmentation testing in different clinical scenarios of male reproductive abnormalities and its influence in natural and assisted reproduction. Transl Androl Urol. 6(4):S509–S512. doi:https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.06.29.
- Hallak J, Veras MM, Saldiva PHN. 2018. How environmental and air pollution disrupt spermatogenesis and male reproductive health: a mechanistic approach. In: Bioenvironmental issues affecting men’s reproductive and sexual health. p. 5–32.
- Hinton BT. 1990. The testicular and epididymal luminal amino acid microenvironment in the rat. J Androl. 11(6):498–505.
- Hossain A, Aryal S, Osuampke C, Phelps J. 2010. Human sperm bioassay for reprotoxicity testing in embryo culture media: some practical considerations in reducing the assay time. Adv Urol:136–898.
- Hosseini A, Khalili MA. 2017. Improvement of motility after culture of testicular spermatozoa: the effects of incubation timing and temperature. Transl Androl Urol. 6(2):271–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.03.43.
- Hrudka F. 1987. Cytochemical and ultracytochemical demonstration of cytochrome c oxidaese in spermatozoa and dynamics of its changes accompanying ageing or induced by stress. Int J Androl. 10(6):809–828. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00385.x.
- Kleijkers SH, van Montfoort AP, Bekers O, Coonen E, Derhaag JG, Evers JL, Dumoulin JC. 2016. Ammonium accumulation in commercially available embryo culture media and protein supplements during storage at 2–8°C and during incubation at 37°C. Hum Reprod. 31(6):1192–1199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew059.
- Kruger TF, Menkveld R, Stander FS, Lombard CJ, Van der Merwe JP, Van Zyl JA, Smith K. 1986. Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 46(6):1118–1123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)49891-2.
- Kuo YL, Tzeng WL, Chiang HK, Ni RF, Lee TC, Young ST. 1998. New system for long-term monitoring of sperm motility: EDTA effect on semen. Arch Androl. 41(2):127–133. .
- Lane M, Gardner DK. 2007. Embryo culture medium: which is the best?. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21(1):83–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.09.009.
- Leese HJ, Donnay I, Thompson JG. 1998. Human assisted conception: a cautionary tale. Lessons from domestic animals. Hum Reprod. 13(4):184–202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.suppl_4.184.
- Levine H, Jorgensen N, Martino-Andrade A, Mendiola J, Weksler-Derri D, Mindlis I, Pinotti R, Swan SH. 2017. Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 23(6):646–659. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmx022.
- Lichtenfels AJ, Gomes JB, Pieri PC, Msg EK, Hallak J, Saldiva PHN. 2007. Increased levels of air pollution and a decrease in the human and mouse male-to-female ratio in São Paulo, Brazil. Fertil Steril. 87(1):230–232. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.06.023.
- Liu DY, Liu ML, Baker HW. 2011. ‘Quinn’s advantage fertilization medium enhances zona pellucida-induced acrosome reaction compared with human tubal fluid medium. Reprod Biomed Online. 23(6):735–739. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.07.013.
- Lumley AJ, Michalczyk Ł, Kitson JJ, Spurgin LG, Morrison CA, Godwin JL, Dickinson ME, Martin OY, Emerson BC, Chapman T, et al. 2015. Sexual selection protects against extinction. Nature. 522(7557):470–473. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14419.
- MacKenna A, Crosby J, Huidobro C, Correa E, Duque G. 2017. Semen quality before cryopreservation and after thawing in 543 patients with testicular cancer. BRA Assist Reprod. 21(1):31–34.
- Mansour RT, Serour MG, Abbas AM, Kamal A, Tawab NA, Aboulghar MA, Serour GI. 2008. The impact of spermatozoa preincubation time and spontaneous acrosome reaction in intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a controlled randomized study. Fertil Steril. 90(3):584–591. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.176.
- Marchesi DE, Biederman H, Ferrara S, Hershlag A, Feng HL. 2010. The effect of semen processing on sperm DNA integrity: comparasion of two techniques using the novel Toluidine Blue Assay. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 151(2):176–180. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.05.003.
- Marin-Briggiler CI, Tezon JG, Miranda PV, Vazquez-Levin MH. 2002. Effect of incubating human sperm at room temperature on capacitation-related events. Fertil Steril. 77(2):252–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02982-X.
- Martínez‐Soto JC, Landeras J, Gadea J. 2012. Spermatozoa and seminal plasma fatty acids as predictors of cryopreservation success. Andrology. 1(3):365–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00040.x.
- Matson P, Tardif S. 2012. A preliminary search for alternatives to albumin as a medium supplement for the culture of human sperm. Biol Reprod. 12(3):329–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2012.09.006.
- Matsuura R, Takeuchi T, Yoshida A. 2010. Preparation and incubation conditions affect the DNA integrity of ejaculated human spermatozoa. Asian J Androl. 12(5):753–759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2010.46.
- Meintjes M, Chantilis SJ, Ward DC, Douglas JD, Rodriguez AJ, Guerami AR, Bookout DM, Barnett BD, Madden JD. 2009. A randomized controlled study of human serum albumin and serum substitute supplement as protein supplements for IVF culture and the effect on live birth rates. Hum Reprod. 24(4):782–789. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den396.
- Molina M, Segura JA, Aledo JC, Medina MA, Nunez De Castro NI, Marquez J. 1995. Glutamine transport by vesicles isolated from tumour-cell mitochondrial inner membrane. Biochem J. 308(2):629–633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3080629.
- Moncla BJ, Chappell CA, Debo BM, Meyn LA. 2016. The effects of hormones and vaginal microflora on the glycome of the female genital tract: cervical-vaginal fluid. PLoS One. 11(7):e0158687. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158687.
- Monteiro RAC, Pariz JR, Pieri PC, Hallak J. 2016. An easy, reproducible and cost-effective method for andrologists to improve the laboratory diagnosis of nonobstrutive azoospermia: a novel microcentrifugation technique. Int Braz J Urol. 42:132–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2015.0090.
- Morbeck DE, Paczkowski M, Fredrickson JR, Krisher RL, Hoff HS, Baumann NA, Moyer T, Matern D. 2014. Composition of protein supplements used for human embryo culture. J Assist Reprod Genet. 31(12):1703–1711. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-014-0349-2.
- Nabi A, Khalili MA, Halvaei I, Roodbari F. 2014. Prolonged incubation of processed human spermatozoa will increase DNA fragmentation. Andrologia. 46(4):374–379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12088.
- Okamura N, Tajima Y, Soejima A, Masuda H, Sugita Y. 1985. Sodium bicarbonate in seminal plasma stimulates the motility of mammalian spermatozoa through direct activation of adenylate cyclase. J Biol Chem. 260(17):9699–9705. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(17)39295-5.
- Palasz AT, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Beltran-Brena P, Perez-Garnelo S, Martinez MF, Gutierrez-Adan A, De la Fuente J. 2006. Effects of hyaluronan, BSA, and serum on bovine embryo in vitro development, ultrastructure, and gene expression patterns. Mol Reprod Dev. 73(12):1503–1511. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.20516.
- Palermo G, Joris H, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem AC. 1992. Pregnancies after intracitoplasmic injection of single spermatozoa into an oocyte. Lancet. 340(8810):17–18.
- Palini S, Primiterra M, Stefani S, Pedna MF, Sparacino M, Farabegoli P, Benedetti S, Bulletti C, Sambri V. 2016. A new micro swim-up procedure for sperm preparation in ICSI treatments: preliminary microbiological testing. JBRA Assist Reprod. 20(3):93–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20160022.
- Parinaud J, Milhet P, Vieitez G, Richoilley G. 1998. Human sperm capacitation and in vitro fertilization in a chemically defined and protein-free medium SMART1. Hum Reprod. 13(9):2579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.9.2579.
- Pariz JR, Ranéa C, Drevet JR, Hallak J. 2021. Dysplasia of the fibrous sheath with axonemal and centriolar defects combined with lack of mitochondrial activity as associated factors of ICSI failure in primary ciliary dyskinesia. Int Braz J Urol. 47(3):617–626. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2019.0362.
- Pasha YY, Jorsaraei SG, Zeinalzadeh M, Amiri MG, Ramaji A. 2012. Evaluation of preincubation time interval in testicular biopsy to obtain optimum sperm parameters. Cell J. 14(1):1–6.
- Pasqualotto FF, Sobreiro BP, Hallak J, Pasqualotto EB, Lucon AM. 2006. Cigarette smoking is related to a decrease in semen volume in a population of fertile men. Int Braz J Urol. 97(2):324–326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05906.x.
- Petrella C, Hsieh J, Blake E, Thrift K, Zacur H, Zhao Y. 2003. Human sperm can survive at room temperature for weeks: measured by motility and viability of sperm maintained under various conditions. Fertil Steril. 80:210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(03)01468-7.
- Petrella C, Hsieh J, Thrift K, Jarow JP, Zacur H, Zhao Y. 2005. Optimizing incubation conditions for the preservation of sperm motility in processed semen samples. Fertil Steril. 84(2):513–515. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.01.138.
- Pool TB. 2004. Development of culture media for human assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril. 81(2):287–289. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.012.
- Quinn P. 2004. The development and impact of culture media for assisted reproductive technologies. Fertil Steril. 81(1):27–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.003.
- Rehman F, Zhao C, Shah MA, Qureshi MS, Wang X. 2013. Semen extenders and artificial insemination in Ruminants. Vet. 1:1–8.
- Sallam KI. 2007. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of sodium acetate, sodium lactate and sodium citrate in refrigerated sliced salmon. Food Control. 18(5):566–575. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.02.002.
- Sangeeta S, Arangasamy A, Kulkarni S, Selvaraju S. 2015. Role of amino acids as additives on sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation levels at pre-freeze and post-thawed ram semen. Anim Reprod Sci. 161:82–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.08.008.
- Schjenken JE, Robertson SA. 2014. Seminal Fluid and Immune Adaptation for Pregnancy – comparative Biology in Mammalian Species. Reprod Domestic Animals. 49(suppl(3)):27–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.12383.
- Setchell BP, Hinks NT, Voglmayr JK, Scott TW. 1967. Amino acids in ram testicular fluid and semen and their metabolism by spermatozoa. Biochem J. 105(3):1061–1065. doi:https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1051061.
- Shulman A, Hauser R, Lipitz S, Frenkel Y, Dor J, Bider D, Mashiach S, Yo Gev L, Yavetz H. 1998. Sperm motility is a major determinant of pregnancy outcome following intrauterine insemination. J Assist Reprod Genet. 15(6):381–385. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022585000740.
- Si Y. 1997. Temperature-dependent hyperactivated movement of hamster spermatozoa. Biol Reprod. 57(6):1407–1412. doi:https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod57.6.1407.
- Sposito C, Camargo M, Tibaldi DS, Barradas V, Cedenho AP, Nichi M, Bertolla RP, Spaine DM. 2017. Antioxidant enzyme profile and lipidperoxidation products in semen samples of testicular germ cell tumor patients submitted to orchiectomy. Int Braz J Urol. 43(4):644–651. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2016.0323.
- Szczykutowicz J, Kałuża A, Kaźmierowska-Niemczuk M, Ferens-Sieczkowska M. 2019. The potential role of seminal plasma in the fertilization outcomes. Biomed Res Int. 2019:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5397804
- Thijssen A, Klerkx E, Huyser C, Bosmans E, Campo R, Ombelet W. 2014. Influence of temperature and sperm preparation on the quality of spermatozoa. Reprod Biomed Online. 28(4):436–442. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.12.005.
- Tosic J, Walton A. 1946. Formation of hydrogen peroxide by spermatozoa and its inhibitory effect on respiration. Nature. 158(4014):485. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/158485a0.
- (WHO) World Health Organization. 2010. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th. Geneva: World Health Organization.
- Wright C, Milne S, Leeson H. 2014. Sperm DNA damage caused by oxidative stress: modifiable clinical, lifestyle and nutritional factors in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online. 28(6):684–703. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.004.
- Yavas Y, Selub MR. 2004. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) pregnancy outcome is enhanced by shorter intervals from semen collection to sperm wash, from sperm wash to IUI time, and from semen collection to IUI time. Fertil Steril. 82(6):1638–1647. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.04.061.