5,106
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Renewable energy desalination; a sustainable approach for water scarcity in ‎arid lands

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 1916-1942 | Received 01 Jul 2020, Accepted 17 Jun 2021, Published online: 19 Jul 2021

References

  • Abanades, S., H. Abbaspour, A. Ahmadi, B. Das, M. A. Ehyaei, F. Esmaeilion, M. El Haj Assad, et al. 2021. “A Critical Review of Biogas Production and Usage with Legislations Framework across the Globe.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03301-6.
  • Abdolzadeh, M., and R. Nikkhah. 2019. “Experimental Study of Dust Deposition Settled over Tilted PV Modules Fixed in Different Directions in the Southeast of Iran.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 (30): 31478–31490. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06246-z.
  • Abrams, R. H. 2018. Legal Control of Water Resources Cases and Materials. Faculty Books and Book Contributions 33. West Academic. https://commons.law.famu.edu/faculty-books/33
  • Aghahosseini, A., D. Bogdanov, N. Ghorbani, and C. Breyer. 2018. “Analysis of 100% Renewable Energy for Iran in 2030: Integrating Solar PV, Wind Energy and Storage.” International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 15 (1): 17–36.
  • Ahmadi, A., F. Esmaeilion, A. Esmaeilion, M. A. Ehyaei, and J. L. Silveira. 2019. “Benefits and Limitations of Waste-to-energy Conversion in Iran.” Renewable Energy Research and Application. doi:https://doi.org/10.22044/rera.2019.8666.1007.
  • Ahmadi, A., M. A. Ehyaei, D. H. Jamali, M. Despotovic, F. Esmaeilion, A. Abdalisousan, and E. B. Hani. 2021. “Energy, Exergy, and Economic Analyses of Integration of Heliostat Solar Receiver to Gas and Air Bottom Cycles.” Journal of Cleaner Production 280: 124322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124322.
  • Ahmed, F. E., R. Hashaikeh, and N. Hilal. 2019. “Solar Powered desalination–Technology, Energy and Future Outlook.” Desalination 453: 54–76.
  • Alamdari, P., O. Nematollahi, and A. A. Alemrajabi. 2013. “Solar Energy Potentials in Iran: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 21: 778–788.
  • Alamdari, P., O. Nematollahi, and M. Mirhosseini. 2012. “Assessment of Wind Energy in Iran: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (1): 836–860.
  • Al-Jasser, A. O. 2007. “Chlorine Decay in Drinking-water Transmission and Distribution Systems: Pipe Service Age Effect.” Water Research 41 (2): 387–396.
  • Alkaisi, A., R. Mossad, and A. Sharifian-Barforoush. 2017. “A Review of the Water Desalination Systems Integrated with Renewable Energy.” Energy Procedia 110: 268–274.
  • Al-Othman, A., M. Tawalbeh, M. E. H. Assad, T. Alkayyali, and A. Eisa. 2018. “Novel Multi-stage Flash (MSF) Desalination Plant Driven by Parabolic Trough Collectors and A Solar Pond: A Simulation Study in UAE.” Desalination 443: 237–244.
  • Amy, G., N. Ghaffour, Z. Li, L. Francis, R. V. Linares, T. Missimer, and S. Lattemann. 2017. “Membrane-based Seawater Desalination: Present and Future Prospects.” Desalination 401: 16–21.
  • Ashok, S. 2007. “Optimised Model for Community-based Hybrid Energy System.” Renewable Energy 32 (7): 1155–1164.
  • Askari, I. B., M. Ameri, and F. Calise. 2018. “Energy, Exergy and Exergo-economic Analysis of Different Water Desalination Technologies Powered by Linear Fresnel Solar Field.” Desalination 425: 37–67.
  • Askarzadeh, A. 2013. “A Discrete Chaotic Harmony Search-based Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Optimum Design of PV/wind Hybrid System.” Solar Energy 97: 93–101.
  • Astariz, S., and G. Iglesias. 2015. “The Economics of Wave Energy: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45: 397–408.
  • Astariz, S., and G. Iglesias. 2016. “Selecting Optimum Locations for Co-located Wave and Wind Energy Farms. Part I: The Co-Location Feasibility Index.” Energy Conversion and Management 122: 589–598.
  • Awan, A. B., and Z. A. Khan. 2014. “Recent Progress in Renewable energy–Remedy of Energy Crisis in Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 33: 236–253.
  • Bahrami, M., and P. Abbaszadeh. 2013. “An Overview of Renewable Energies in Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 24: 198–208.
  • Bakhoda, H., M. Almassi, N. Moharamnejad, R. Moghaddasi, and M. Azkia. 2012. “Energy Production Trend in Iran and Its Effect on Sustainable Development.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2): 1335–1339.
  • Bakhshi-Jafarabadi, R., J. Sadeh, and M. Dehghan. 2020. “Economic Evaluation of Commercial Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in the Middle East Based on Experimental Data: A Case Study in Iran.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 37: 100581.
  • Balfaqih, H., M. T. Al-Nory, Z. M. Nopiah, and N. Saibani. 2017. “Environmental and Economic Performance Assessment of Desalination Supply Chain.” Desalination 406: 2–9.
  • Barron, O. 2006. Desalination Options and Their Possible Implementation in Western Australia: Potential Role for CSIRO Land and Water. Canberra: CSIRO: Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship; 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/102.100.100/176100?index=1
  • Bennett, A. 2015. “Developments in Desalination and Water Reuse.” Filtration+ Separation 52 (4): 28–33.
  • Bernat, X., O. Gibert, R. Guiu, J. Tobella, and C. Campos. 2010. “The Economics of Desalination for Various Uses.” Re-Thinking Water and Food Security vol 1: 349–372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1201/b10541-27.
  • Besarati, S. M., R. V. Padilla, D. Y. Goswami, and E. Stefanakos. 2013. “The Potential of Harnessing Solar Radiation in Iran: Generating Solar Maps and Viability Study of PV Power Plants.” Renewable Energy 53: 193–199.
  • Borjas, Z., A. Esteve-Núñez, and J. M. Ortiz. 2017. “Strategies for Merging Microbial Fuel Cell Technologies in Water Desalination Processes: Start-up Protocol and Desalination Efficiency Assessment.” Journal of Power Sources 356: 519–528.
  • Borsani, R., and S. Rebagliati. 2005. “Fundamentals and Costing of MSF Desalination Plants and Comparison with Other Technologies.” Desalination 182 (1–3): 29–37.
  • Brauns, E. 2010. “An Alternative Hybrid Concept Combining Seawater Desalination, Solar Energy and Reverse Electrodialysis for a Sustainable Production of Sweet Water and Electrical Energy.” Desalination and Water Treatment 13 (1–3): 53–62.
  • Bromley, C., K. Khosrawi, and B. Talebi. 2000. “Geophysical Exploration of Sabalan Geothermal Prospects in Iran.” In Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress. Japan.
  • Caldera, U., D. Bogdanov, and C. Breyer. 2016. “Local Cost of Seawater RO Desalination Based on Solar PV and Wind Energy: A Global Estimate.” Desalination 385: 207–216.
  • Cao, X., X. Huang, P. Liang, K. Xiao, Y. Zhou, X. Zhang, and B. E. Logan. 2009. “A New Method for Water Desalination Using Microbial Desalination Cells.” Environmental Science & Technology 43 (18): 7148–7152.
  • CDM–ExecutiveBoard. 2014. Implementation of Co-generation Plant for Production of Potable Water in Qeshm Island. Germany/Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
  • Chandrashekara, M., and A. Yadav. 2017. “Water Desalination System Using Solar Heat: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67: 1308–1330.
  • Christ, A., B. Rahimi, K. Regenauer-Lieb, and H. T. Chua. 2017. “Techno-economic Analysis of Geothermal Desalination Using Hot Sedimentary Aquifers: A Pre-feasibility Study for Western Australia.” Desalination 404: 167–181.
  • Colangelo, G., E. Favale, P. Miglietta, and A. de Risi. 2016. “Innovation in Flat Solar Thermal Collectors: A Review of the Last Ten Years Experimental Results.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 57: 1141–1159.
  • Cotruvo, J., N. Voutchkov, J. Fawell, P. Payment, D. Cunliffe, and S. Lattemann. 2010. Desalination Technology: Health and Environmental Impacts. United States: CRC Press.
  • Da Silva, W. F., I. F. S. dos Santos, M. C. C. de Oliveira Botan, A. P. M. Silva, and R. M. Barros. 2018. “Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants in Brazil: A Cost Analysis Using Three Different Energy Sources.” Sustainable Cities and Society 43: 134–143.
  • Darwish, M. A., H. K. Abdulrahim, A. S. Hassan, and A. A. Mabrouk. 2016. “PV and CSP Solar Technologies & Desalination: Economic Analysis.” Desalination and Water Treatment 57 (36): 16679–16702.
  • Davies, P. A. 2005. “Wave-powered Desalination: Resource Assessment and Review of Technology.” Desalination 186 (1–3): 97–109.
  • DeZuane, J. 1997. Handbook of Drinking Water Quality. Canada: John Wiley & Sons.
  • El Saliby, I., Y. Okour, H. K. Shon, J. Kandasamy, and I. S. Kim. 2009. “Desalination Plants in Australia, Review and Facts.” Desalination 247 (1–3): 1–14.
  • El-Ghonemy, A. M. K. 2012. “Future Sustainable Water Desalination Technologies for the Saudi Arabia: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (9): 6566.
  • Elminshawy, N. A. S., F. R. Siddiqui, and G. I. Sultan. 2015. “Development of a Desalination System Driven by Solar Energy and Low Grade Waste Heat.” Energy Conversion and Management 103: 28–35.
  • Eltawil, M. A., Z. Zhengming, and L. Yuan. 2009. “A Review of Renewable Energy Technologies Integrated with Desalination Systems.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (9): 2245–2262.
  • Emami, M., G. H. J. Ghajar, and N. Kaynia. 1977. “State of Desalination Projects in Iran.” Desalination 23 (1–3): 465–470.
  • Energy, U. R. 2012. Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy. Iran: IRENA.
  • Esmaeilion, F. 2020. “Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Desalination.” Applied Water Science 10 (3): 84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-1168-5.
  • Esmaeilion, F., A. Ahmadi, A. Esmaeilion, and M. A. Ehyaei. 2020. “The Performance Analysis and Monitoring of Grid-connected Photovoltaic Power Plant.” Current Chinese Computer Science 1: 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/2665997201999200511083228.
  • Esmaeilion, F., A. Ahmadi, and M. A. Ehyaei. 2021. “Low-grade Heat from Solar Ponds: Trends, Perspectives, and Prospects.” International Journal of Ambient Energy. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2021.1938672.
  • Esmaeilion, F., A. Ahmadi, and R. Dashti. 2021. “Exergy-Economic-Environment Optimization of the Waste-to-Energy Power Plant Using Multi-Objective Particle-Swarm Optimization (MOPSO).” Scientia Iranica. doi:https://doi.org/10.24200/SCI.2021.55633.4323.
  • Fadai, D. 2007. “The Feasibility of Manufacturing Wind Turbines in Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 11 (3): 536–542.
  • Falcão, A. F. O. 2014. Modelling of Wave Energy Conversion. Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.
  • Faramarzi, M. 2010. Assessment of Regional Water Endowments, Crop Water Productivity, and Implications for Intra-country Virtual Water Trade in Iran. Zürich- Switzerland: ETH Zurich.
  • Faramarzi, M., K. C. Abbaspour, R. Schulin, and H. Yang. 2009. “Modelling Blue and Green Water Resources Availability in Iran.” Hydrological Processes: An International Journal 23 (3): 486–501.
  • Foster, R., M. Ghassemi, and A. Cota. 2009. Solar Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment. United States: CRC Press.
  • Foteinis, S., and T. Tsoutsos. 2017. “Strategies to Improve Sustainability and Offset the Initial High Capital Expenditure of Wave Energy Converters (Wecs).” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 70: 775–785.
  • Fried, A., and B. Serio. 2012. Water Industry Segment Report Desalination. San Diego: World Trade Center San Diego (WTCSD).
  • Ganesh, I. 2015. “Solar Fuels Vis-a-vis Electricity Generation from Sunlight: The Current State-of-the-art (A Review).” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 44: 904–932.
  • Ghaffour, N., S. Lattemann, T. Missimer, K. C. Ng, S. Sinha, and G. Amy. 2014. “Renewable Energy-driven Innovative Energy-efficient Desalination Technologies.” Applied Energy 136: 1155–1165.
  • Ghasemi, A., P. Heidarnejad, and A. Noorpoor. 2018. “A Novel Solar-biomass Based Multi-generation Energy System Including Water Desalination and Liquefaction of Natural Gas System: Thermodynamic and Thermoeconomic Optimization.” Journal of Cleaner Production 196: 424–437.
  • Ghobadian, B., G. Najafi, H. Rahimi, and T. F. Yusaf. 2009. “Future of Renewable Energies in Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (3): 689–695.
  • Ghorashi, A. H., and A. Rahimi. 2011a. “Renewable and Non-renewable Energy Status in Iran: Art of Know-how and Technology-gaps.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (1): 729–736. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.037.
  • Ghorbani, B., M. Mehrpooya, and S. A. Mousavi. 2019. “Hybrid Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Power Plant and Multiple-effect Desalination System.” Journal of Cleaner Production 220: 1039–1051.
  • Gielen, D., F. Boshell, D. Saygin, M. D. Bazilian, N. Wagner, and R. Gorini. 2019. “The Role of Renewable Energy in the Global Energy Transformation.” Energy Strategy Reviews 24: 38–50.
  • Gilau, A. M., and M. J. Small. 2008. “Designing Cost-effective Seawater Reverse Osmosis System under Optimal Energy Options.” Renewable Energy 33 (4): 617–630.
  • Global Wind Atlas. 2020. Mean Wind Speed Map, Islamic Republic of Iran. https://globalwindatlas.info/
  • Gohari, A., S. Eslamian, A. Mirchi, J. Abedi-Koupaei, A. M. Bavani, and K. Madani. 2013. “Water Transfer as a Solution to Water Shortage: A Fix that Can Backfire.” Journal of Hydrology 491: 23–39.
  • Gökçek, M., and Ö. B. Gökçek. 2016. “Technical and Economic Evaluation of Freshwater Production from a Wind-powered Small-scale Seawater Reverse Osmosis System (WP-SWRO).” Desalination 381: 47–57.
  • Golshani, A., S. Taebi, and V. Chegini. 2007. “Wave Hindcast and Extreme Value Analysis for the Southern Part of the Caspian Sea.” Coastal Engineering Journal 49 (4): 443–459.
  • Golshani, A. A., A. Nakhaei, S. Taebi, V. Chegini, and A. V. Jandaghi. 2005. Wave Hindcast Study of the Caspian Sea. Iran/JOURNAL OF MARINE ENGINEERING.
  • Gomar, Z., H. Heidary, and M. Davoudi. 2011. “Techno-economics Study to Select Optimum Desalination Plant for Asalouyeh Combined Cycle Power Plant in Iran.” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 1: 51.
  • Goosen, M., H. Mahmoudi, and N. Ghaffour. 2010. “Water Desalination Using Geothermal Energy.” Energies 3 (8): 1423–1442.
  • Gorjian, S., and B. Ghobadian. 2015. “Solar Desalination: A Sustainable Solution to Water Crisis in Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 48: 571–584.
  • Gorjian, S., T. Tavakkoli Hashjin, B. Ghobadian, and A. Banakar. 2013. “Modeling Global Solar Radiation over Iran Based on Meteorological Data Using ANN Technique.” In 11th Iranian Conference on Intelligent Systems (ICIS2013), Iran, 1–8.
  • Gorjian, S., T. T. Hashjin, and B. Ghobadian. 2011. “Seawater Desalination Using Solar Thermal Technologies: State of the Art.” In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, Istanbul-Turkey, 4–7.
  • Grubert, E. A., A. S. Stillwell, and M. E. Webber. 2014. “Where Does Solar-aided Seawater Desalination Make Sense? A Method for Identifying Sustainable Sites.” Desalination 339: 10–17.
  • Gude, V. G. 2015. “Energy Storage for Desalination Processes Powered by Renewable Energy and Waste Heat Sources.” Applied Energy 137: 877–898.
  • Gude, V. G. 2016. “Geothermal Source Potential for Water desalination–Current Status and Future Perspective.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 57: 1038–1065.
  • Gude, V. G., and N. Nirmalakhandan. 2010. “Sustainable Desalination Using Solar Energy.” Energy Conversion and Management 51 (11): 2245–2251.
  • GWEC, G. W. E. C. 2017. Global Wind Report. 2015. Brussels: GWEC.
  • Hadadpour, S., A. Etemad-Shahidi, E. Jabbari, and B. Kamranzad. 2014. “Wave Energy and Hot Spots in Anzali Port.” Energy 74: 529–536.
  • He, W., Y. Wang, and M. H. Shaheed. 2015. “Stand-alone Seawater RO (Reverse Osmosis) Desalination Powered by PV (Photovoltaic) and PRO (Pressure Retarded Osmosis).” Energy 86: 423–435.
  • Heshmatzadeh, M. 2000. Iran and Oil Sociology of Political Sociology of Oil in Iran. Tehran: Recognition Center of Islam and Iran’s.
  • Heydari, M., F. Othman, and M. Noori. 2013. “A Review of the Environmental Impact of Large Dams in Iran.” International Journal of Advancements Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering, IJACSE 1 (1): 4.
  • Hoang, M., B. Bolto, C. Haskard, O. Barron, S. Gray, and G. Leslie. 2009. Desalination in Australia. Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).
  • Hogerwaard, J., I. Dincer, and G. F. Naterer. 2017. “Solar Energy Based Integrated System for Power Generation, Refrigeration and Desalination.” Applied Thermal Engineering 121: 1059–1069.
  • Hosseini, M., I. Dincer, P. Ahmadi, H. B. Avval, and M. Ziaasharhagh. 2013a. “Thermodynamic Modelling of an Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Micro Gas Turbine System for Desalination Purposes.” International Journal of Energy Research 37 (5): 426–434.
  • Hosseini, R., M. Soltani, and G. Valizadeh. 2005. “Technical and Economic Assessment of the Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Power Plants in Iran.” Renewable Energy 30 (10): 1541–1555.
  • Hosseini, S. E., A. M. Andwari, M. A. Wahid, and G. Bagheri. 2013b. “A Review on Green Energy Potentials in Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 27: 533–545.
  • Iglesias, G., M. López, R. Carballo, A. Castro, J. A. Fraguela, and P. Frigaard. 2009. “Wave Energy Potential in Galicia (NW Spain).” Renewable Energy 34 (11): 2323–2333.
  • Intelligence, G. W., I. D. A. D. Yearbook, G. W. Summit, and R. Card. 2011. “Global Water Intelligence.” Global Water Intelligence 12 (10): 1–72.
  • International Energy Agency. 2020. Produces Electricity by Renewable Resources . www.iea.org
  • Iran Foreign Policy & Government Guide, Vol. 1348. USA: International Business Publications; 2006. n.d.
  • Ishaq, H., I. Dincer, and G. F. Naterer. 2018. “New Trigeneration System Integrated with Desalination and Industrial Waste Heat Recovery for Hydrogen Production.” Applied Thermal Engineering 142: 767–778.
  • Ismail, T. M., A. K. Azab, M. A. Elkady, and M. M. A. Elnasr. 2016. “Theoretical Investigation of the Performance of Integrated Seawater Desalination Plant Utilizing Renewable Energy.” Energy Conversion and Management 126: 811–825.
  • Jabari, F., B. Mohammadi-ivatloo, H. Ghaebi, and M.-B. Bannae-sharifian. 2019. “Biogas Fueled Combined Cooling, Desalinated Water and Power Generation Systems.” Journal of Cleaner Production 219: 906–924.
  • Jacobson, M. Z., and M. A. Delucchi. 2011. “Providing All Global Energy with Wind, Water, and Solar Power, Part I: Technologies, Energy Resources, Quantities and Areas of Infrastructure, and Materials.” Energy Policy 39 (3): 1154–1169.
  • Jiménez Cisneros, B.E., T. Oki, N.W. Arnell, G. Benito, J.G. Cogley, P. Döll, T. Jiang, S.S. Mwakalila, Thomas Fischer, Dieter Gerten, Regine Hock, Shinjiro Kanae, Xixi Lu, Luis José Mata, Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Kenneth M. Strzepek, Buda Su, B. van den Hurk. 2014. Freshwater resources. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change : 229–269. ScholarBank@NUS Repository
  • Jones, E., M. Qadir, M. T. H. van Vliet, V. Smakhtin, and S. Kang. 2019. “The State of Desalination and Brine Production: A Global Outlook.” Science of the Total Environment 657: 1343–1356.
  • Jung, D., D. Kang, M. Kang, and B. Kim. 2015. “Real-time Pump Scheduling for Water Transmission Systems: Case Study.” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 19 (7): 1987–1993.
  • Kalista, B., H. Shin, J. Cho, and A. Jang. 2018. “Current Development and Future Prospect Review of Freeze Desalination.” Desalination 447: 167–181.
  • Kalogirou, S. A. 2005. “Seawater Desalination Using Renewable Energy Sources.” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 31 (3): 242–281.
  • Kamali, R. K., and S. Mohebinia. 2008. “Experience of Design and Optimization of Multi-effects Desalination Systems in Iran.” Desalination 222 (1–3): 639–645.
  • Kamranzad, B., A. Etemad-Shahidi, V. Chegini, and A. Yeganeh-Bakhtiary. 2015. “Climate Change Impact on Wave Energy in the Persian Gulf.” Ocean Dynamics 65 (6): 777–794.
  • Karagiannis, I. C., and P. G. Soldatos. 2008. “Water Desalination Cost Literature: Review and Assessment.” Desalination 223 (1–3): 448–456.
  • Karami, S., E. Karami, and S. Zand-Parsa. 2017. “Environmental and Economic Appraisal of Agricultural Water Desalination Use in South Iran: A Comparative Study of Tomato Production.” Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research 5 (2): 91–102.
  • Keivani Hafshejani, M., A. Baheri, M. Ojakeh, A. Sedighpour, A. Arad, and S. Choopani. 2012. “Impact of Solar Energy Application on Warming, Health Caring and Pollution Prevention in Iran.” Life Science Journal-Acta Zhengzhou University Overseas Edition 9 (4): 1849–1853.
  • Keyhani, A., M. Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, M. Khanali, and R. Abbaszadeh. 2010. “An Assessment of Wind Energy Potential as a Power Generation Source in the Capital of Iran, Tehran.” Energy 35 (1): 188–201.
  • Khalili, A., and J. Rahimi. 2014. “High-resolution Spatiotemporal Distribution of Precipitation in Iran: A Comparative Study with Three Global-precipitation Datasets.” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 118 (1–2): 211–221.
  • Khan, J., and M. H. Arsalan. 2016. “Solar Power Technologies for Sustainable Electricity generation–A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55: 414–425.
  • Khodadadi, M., A. H. Mahvi, M. T. Ghaneian, M. H. Ehrampoush, H. Dorri, and L. Rafati. 2016. “The Role of Desalination in Removal of the Chemical, Physical and Biological Parameters of Drinking Water (A Case Study of Birjand City, Iran).” Desalination and Water Treatment 57 (53): 25331–25336.
  • Khojasteh, D., D. Khojasteh, and R. Kamali. 2016. “Wave Energy Absorption by Heaving Point Absorbers at Caspian Sea.” In 24th Annual International Conference on Mechanical Engineering-ISME. Yazd, Iran.
  • Khojasteh, D., D. Khojasteh, R. Kamali, A. Beyene, and G. Iglesias. 2018. “Assessment of Renewable Energy Resources in Iran; with a Focus on Wave and Tidal Energy.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81: 2992–3005.
  • Khojasteh, D., and R. Kamali. 2016. “Evaluation of Wave Energy Absorption by Heaving Point Absorbers at Various Hot Spots in Iran Seas.” Energy 109: 629–640.
  • Kim, B., R. Kwak, H. J. Kwon, V. S. Pham, M. Kim, B. Al-Anzi, G. Lim, and J. Han. 2016. “Purification of High Salinity Brine by Multi-stage Ion Concentration Polarization Desalination.” Scientific Reports 6: 31850.
  • Kim, S., G. Piao, D. S. Han, H. K. Shon, and H. Park. 2018. “Solar Desalination Coupled with Water Remediation and Molecular Hydrogen Production: A Novel Solar Water-energy Nexus.” Energy & Environmental Science 11 (2): 344–353.
  • Kokabian, B., and V. G. Gude. 2013. “Photosynthetic Microbial Desalination Cells (Pmdcs) for Clean Energy, Water and Biomass Production.” Environmental Science. Processes & Impacts 15 (12): 2178–2185.
  • Kouhikamali, R., and N. Sharifi. 2012. “Experience of Modification of Thermo-compressors in Multiple Effects Desalination Plants in Assaluyeh in IRAN.” Applied Thermal Engineering 40: 174–180.
  • Kucera, J. 2019. Desalination: Water from Water. Massachusetts-United States: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Latteman, S. 2010. Development of an Environmental Impact Assessment and Decision Support System for Seawater Desalination Plants. United States: CRC press.
  • Lewis, N. S. 2015. Introduction: Solar Energy Conversion. United States: ACS Publications.
  • Li, C., Y. Goswami, and E. Stefanakos. 2013. “Solar Assisted Sea Water Desalination: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 19: 136–163.
  • Li, W., Y. Ling, X. Liu, and Y. Hao. 2017. “Performance Analysis of a Photovoltaic-thermochemical Hybrid System Prototype.” Applied Energy 204: 939–947.
  • Liu, L., and Z. Wang. 2009. “The Development and Application Practice of Wind–solar Energy Hybrid Generation Systems in China.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (6–7): 1504–1512.
  • Lotfalipour, M. R., M. A. Falahi, and M. Bastam. 2013. “Prediction of CO2 Emissions in Iran Using Grey and ARIMA Models.” International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 3 (3): 229–237.
  • Loutatidou, S., and H. A. Arafat. 2015. “Techno-economic Analysis of MED and RO Desalination Powered by Low-enthalpy Geothermal Energy.” Desalination 365: 277–292.
  • Lund, J. W., and A. N. Toth. 2020. “Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2020 Worldwide Review.” Geothermics 1: 101915.
  • Luo, H., P. Xu, T. M. Roane, P. E. Jenkins, and Z. Ren. 2012. “Microbial Desalination Cells for Improved Performance in Wastewater Treatment, Electricity Production, and Desalination.” Bioresource Technology 105: 60–66.
  • Luo, H., P. E. Jenkins, and Z. Ren. 2011. “Concurrent Desalination and Hydrogen Generation Using Microbial Electrolysis and Desalination Cells.” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (1): 340–344.
  • Madani, K. 2014. “Water Management in Iran: What Is Causing the Looming Crisis?” Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 4 (4): 315–328.
  • Makkeh, S. A., A. Ahmadi, F. Esmaeilion, and M. A. Ehyaei. 2020. “Energy, Exergy and Exergoeconomic Optimization of a Cogeneration System Integrated with Parabolic Trough Collector-wind Turbine with Desalination.” Journal of Cleaner Production, JCLP273: 123122.
  • Maleki, A., and A. Askarzadeh. 2014. “Comparative Study of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Sizing of a Hydrogen-based Stand-alone Photovoltaic/wind Hybrid System.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 (19): 9973–9984.
  • Mazini, M. T., A. Yazdizadeh, and M. H. Ramezani. 2014. “Dynamic Modeling of Multi-effect Desalination with Thermal Vapor Compressor Plant.” Desalination 353: 98–108.
  • Mehanna, M., P. D. Kiely, D. F. Call, and B. E. Logan. 2010. “Microbial Electrodialysis Cell for Simultaneous Water Desalination and Hydrogen Gas Production.” Environmental Science & Technology 44 (24): 9578–9583.
  • Mezher, T., H. Fath, Z. Abbas, and A. Khaled. 2011. “Techno-economic Assessment and Environmental Impacts of Desalination Technologies.” Desalination 266 (1–3): 263–273.
  • Mohamed, A. M. I., and N. A. S. El-Minshawy. 2009. “Humidification–dehumidification Desalination System Driven by Geothermal Energy.” Desalination 249 (2): 602–608.
  • Mohammadnejad, M., M. Ghazvini, T. M. I. Mahlia, and A. Andriyana. 2011. “A Review on Energy Scenario and Sustainable Energy in Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (9): 4652–4658.
  • Mohanakrishna, G., S. V. Mohan, and P. N. Sarma. 2010. “Bio-electrochemical Treatment of Distillery Wastewater in Microbial Fuel Cell Facilitating Decolorization and Desalination along with Power Generation.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 177 (1–3): 487–494.
  • Mollahosseini, A., A. Abdelrasoul, S. Sheibany, M. Amini, and S. K. Salestan. 2019. “Renewable Energy-driven Desalination opportunities–A Case Study.” Journal of Environmental Management 239: 187–197.
  • Mollahosseini, A., S. A. Hosseini, M. Jabbari, A. Figoli, and A. Rahimpour. 2017. “Renewable Energy Management and Market in Iran: A Holistic Review on Current State and Future Demands.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80: 774–788. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.236.
  • Mostafaeipour, A. 2010. “Feasibility Study of Offshore Wind Turbine Installation in Iran Compared with the World.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (7): 1722–1743.
  • Mostafaeipour, A., M. Saidi-Mehrabad, M. Rezaei, and M. Qolipour. 2017. “The Ranking of Southern Ports and Islands of Iran for Seawater Desalination Plants Using ELECTRE III Method.” Journal of Renewable Energy and Environment 4 (2&3): 10–22.
  • Mostafaeipour, A., and N. Mostafaeipour. 2009. “Renewable Energy Issues and Electricity Production in Middle East Compared with Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (6–7): 1641–1645.
  • Motevallian, S., and M. Tabesh. 2011. “Sustainable Development of Urban Water Supply and Distribution Systems in Iran: Challenges and Opportunities.” In Proceedings of the International Conference on Water & Wastewater, United States, 1–8.
  • Mousavi, S. M., M. B. Ghanbarabadi, and N. B. Moghadam. 2012. “The Competitiveness of Wind Power Compared to Existing Methods of Electricity Generation in Iran.” Energy Policy 42: 651–656.
  • Nagaraj, R., D. Thirugnanamurthy, M. M. Rajput, and B. K. Panigrahi. 2016. “Techno-economic Analysis of Hybrid Power System Sizing Applied to Small Desalination Plants for Sustainable Operation.” International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment 5 (2): 269–276.
  • Naidu, G., S. Jeong, S. Vigneswaran, and S. A. Rice. 2013. “Microbial Activity in Biofilter Used as a Pretreatment for Seawater Desalination.” Desalination 309: 254–260.
  • Najafi, G., and B. Ghobadian. 2011a. “Geothermal Resources in Iran: The Sustainable Future.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (8): 3946–3951.
  • Najafi, G., and B. Ghobadian. 2011b. “LLK1694-wind Energy Resources and Development in Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (6): 2719–2728.
  • Najafi, G., B. Ghobadian, R. Mamat, T. Yusaf, and W. H. Azmi. 2015. “Solar Energy in Iran: Current State and Outlook.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49: 931–942.
  • Negewo, B. D. 2012. Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close the Water Gap in the Middle East and North Africa. United States: World Bank Publications.
  • Nejad, M. F., O. Shariati, and A. A. B. M. Zin. 2013. “Feasibility Study of Wave Energy Potential in Southern Coasts of Caspian Sea in Iran.” In 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), Langkawi, Malaysia, 57–60.
  • Ng, K. C., and M. W. Shahzad. 2018. “Sustainable Desalination Using Ocean Thermocline Energy.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 82: 240–246.
  • Noorollahi, Y., H. Yousefi, R. Itoi, and S. Ehara. 2009. “Geothermal Energy Resources and Development in Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (5): 1127–1132.
  • Noorollahi, Y., M. S. Shabbir, A. F. Siddiqi, L. K. Ilyashenko, and E. Ahmadi. 2019. “Review of Two Decade Geothermal Energy Development in Iran, Benefits, Challenges, and Future Policy.” Geothermics 77: 257–266.
  • Noorollahi, Y., S. Taghipoor, and B. Sajadi. 2017. “Geothermal Sea Water Desalination System (GSWDS) Using Abandoned Oil/gas Wells.” Geothermics 67: 66–75.
  • Norouzi, M., M. Yeganeh, and T. Yusaf. 2021. “Landscape Framework for the Exploitation of Renewable Energy Resources and Potentials in Urban Scale (Case Study: Iran).” Renewable Energy 163: 300–319.
  • Ortega-Delgado, B., L. Garcia-Rodriguez, and D.-C. Alarcón-Padilla. 2017. “Opportunities of Improvement of the MED Seawater Desalination Process by Pretreatments Allowing High-temperature Operation.” Desalination Water Treatment 12: 97.
  • Oruc, M. E., A. V. Desai, P. J. A. Kenis, and R. G. Nuzzo. 2016. “Comprehensive Energy Analysis of a Photovoltaic Thermal Water Electrolyzer.” Applied Energy 164: 294–302.
  • Peñate, B., F. Castellano, A. Bello, and L. García-Rodríguez. 2011. “Assessment of A Stand-alone Gradual Capacity Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant to Adapt to Wind Power Availability: A Case Study.” Energy 36 (7): 4372–4384.
  • Pichel, N., M. Vivar, and M. Fuentes. 2016. “Performance Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Hybrid System for Electricity Generation and Simultaneous Water Disinfection of Wild Bacteria Strains.” Applied Energy 171: 103–112.
  • Pietrosemoli, L., and C. Rodríguez-Monroy. 2019. “The Venezuelan Energy Crisis: Renewable Energies in the Transition Towards Sustainability.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 105: 415–426.
  • Pinto, F. S., and R. C. Marques. 2017. “Desalination Projects Economic Feasibility: A Standardization of Cost Determinants.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 78: 904–915.
  • Proskynitopoulou, V., and I. A. Katsoyiannis. 2018. “Review of Recent Desalination Developments for More Efficient Drinking Water Production across the World.” New Mater Compound Applications 2 (3): 179–195.
  • Purohit, I., and P. Purohit. 2018. “Performance Assessment of Grid-interactive Solar Photovoltaic Projects under India’s National Solar Mission.” Applied Energy 222: 25–41.
  • Qiblawey, H. M., and F. Banat. 2008. “Solar Thermal Desalination Technologies.” Desalination 220 (1–3): 633–644.
  • Rahmani, K., A. Kasaeian, M. Fakoor, A. Kosari, and S. Alavi. 2014. “Wind Power Assessment and Site Matching of Wind Turbines in Lootak of Zabol.” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER) 4 (4): 965–976.
  • Rajaei, G., F. Atabi, and M. A. Ehyaei. 2017. “Feasibility of Using Biogas in a Micro Turbine for Supplying Heating, Cooling and Electricity for a Small Rural Building.” Advances in Energy Research 5 (2): 129.
  • Rajan, A. S., K. Raja, and P. Marimuthu. 2014. “Multi Basin Desalination Using Biomass Heat Source and Analytical Validation Using RSM.” Energy Conversion and Management 87: 359–366.
  • Rajaseenivasan, T., and K. Srithar. 2017. “An Investigation into a Laboratory Scale Bubble Column Humidification Dehumidification Desalination System Powered by Biomass Energy.” Energy Conversion and Management 139: 232–244.
  • Raluy, G., L. Serra, and J. Uche. 2006. “Life Cycle Assessment of MSF, MED and RO Desalination Technologies.” Energy 31 (13): 2361–2372.
  • Razavieh, A., A. Sedaghat, R. Ayodele, and A. Mostafaeipour. 2017. “Worldwide Wind Energy Status and the Characteristics of Wind Energy in Iran, Case Study: The Province of Sistan and Baluchestan.” International Journal of Sustainable Energy 36 (2): 103–123.
  • Reif, J. H., and W. Alhalabi. 2015. “Solar-thermal Powered Desalination: Its Significant Challenges and Potential.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 48: 152–165.
  • Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Organization. 2020. http://www.satba.gov.ir/
  • Ridgway, H. F., J. Orbell, and S. Gray. 2017. “Molecular Simulations of Polyamide Membrane Materials Used in Desalination and Water Reuse Applications: Recent Developments and Future Prospects.” Journal of Membrane Science 524: 436–448.
  • Roostaei, N. 2004. River Basin Challenges and Management in Iran. The Ministry of Environment, Department Human Environ Teh 2: 1-12.
  • Rusu, E., and F. Onea. 2013. “Evaluation of the Wind and Wave Energy along the Caspian Sea.” Energy 50: 1–14.
  • Saboori, B., M. Sapri, and M. Bin Baba. 2014. “Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)’s Transport Sector: A Fully Modified Bi-directional Relationship Approach.” Energy 66: 150–161.
  • Sahoo, U., R. Kumar, P. C. Pant, and R. Chaudhary. 2017. “Development of an Innovative Polygeneration Process in Hybrid Solar-biomass System for Combined Power, Cooling and Desalination.” Applied Thermal Engineering 120: 560–567.
  • Saket, A., and A. Etemad-Shahidi. 2012. “Wave Energy Potential along the Northern Coasts of the Gulf of Oman, Iran.” Renewable Energy 40 (1): 90–97.
  • Salter, S. H., J. M. B. P. Cruz, J. A. A. Lucas, and R. C. R. Pascal. 2010. “Wave Powered Desalination.” In Macro-engineering Seawater in Unique Environments, 657–674. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Sanza, M. A., V. Bonnélyea, and G. Cremerb. 2007. “Fujairah Reverse Osmosis Plant: 2 Years of Operation.” Desalination 203 (1–3): 91–99.
  • Sarbatly, R., and C.-K. Chiam. 2013. “Evaluation of Geothermal Energy in Desalination by Vacuum Membrane Distillation.” Applied Energy 112: 737–746.
  • Sauvet-Goichon, B. 2007. “Ashkelon Desalination Plant—a Successful Challenge.” Desalination 203 (1–3): 75–81.
  • Schwantes, R., A. Cipollina, F. Gross, J. Koschikowski, D. Pfeifle, M. Rolletschek, and V. Subiela. 2013. “Membrane Distillation: Solar and Waste Heat Driven Demonstration Plants for Desalination.” Desalination 323: 93–106.
  • Segurado, R., M. Costa, N. Duić, and M. G. Carvalho. 2015. “Integrated Analysis of Energy and Water Supply in IslandS. Case Study of S. Vicente, Cape Verde.” Energy 92: 639–648.
  • Sevda, S., H. Yuan, Z. He, and I. M. Abu-Reesh. 2015. “Microbial Desalination Cells as a Versatile Technology: Functions, Optimization and Prospective.” Desalination 371: 9–17.
  • Shafaghat, R., H. Shafaghat, F. Ghanbari, P. S. Rezaei, and R. Espanani. 2012. “Design of a MSF Desalination Plant to Be Supplied by a New Specific 42 MW Power Plant Located in Iran.” World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 6: 463–469.
  • Shatat, M., M. Worall, and S. Riffat. 2013a. “Economic Study for an Affordable Small Scale Solar Water Desalination System in Remote and Semi-arid Region.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 25: 543–551.
  • Shatat, M., M. Worall, and S. Riffat. 2013b. “Opportunities for Solar Water Desalination Worldwide.” Sustainable Cities and Society 9: 67–80.
  • Shatat, M., and S. B. Riffat. 2012. “Water Desalination Technologies Utilizing Conventional and Renewable Energy Sources.” International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 9 (1): 1–19.
  • Shirazi, M. M. A., A. Kargari, and M. J. A. Shirazi. 2012. “Direct Contact Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination.” Desalination and Water Treatment 49 (1–3): 368–375.
  • Siddiqui, O., and I. Dincer. 2018. “Examination of a New Solar-based Integrated System for Desalination, Electricity Generation and Hydrogen Production.” Solar Energy 163: 224–234.
  • Singh, G. K. 2013. “Solar Power Generation by PV (Photovoltaic) Technology : A Review.” Energy 53: 1–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.02.057.
  • Smith, J. C., R. Thresher, R. Zavadil, E. DeMeo, R. Piwko, B. Ernst, and T. Ackermann. 2009. “A Mighty Wind.” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 7 (2): 41–51.
  • Soltani, S., R. Saboohi, and L. Yaghmaei. 2012. “Rainfall and Rainy Days Trend in Iran.” Climatic Change 110 (1–2): 187–213.
  • Sommariva, C., H. Hogg, and K. Callister. 2004. “Environmental Impact of Seawater Desalination: Relations between Improvement in Efficiency and Environmental Impact.” Desalination 167: 439–444.
  • Song, J., T. Li, L. Wright-Contreras, and A. W.-K. Law. 2017. “A Review of the Current Status of Small-scale Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination.” Water International 42 (5): 618–631.
  • Sophia, A. C., V. M. Bhalambaal, E. C. Lima, and M. Thirunavoukkarasu. 2016. “Microbial Desalination Cell Technology: Contribution to Sustainable Waste Water Treatment Process, Current Status and Future Applications.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 4 (3): 3468–3478.
  • Spyrou, I. D., and J. S. Anagnostopoulos. 2010. “Design Study of a Stand-alone Desalination System Powered by Renewable Energy Sources and a Pumped Storage Unit.” Desalination 257 (1–3): 137–149.
  • Sukhatme, S. P., and J. K. Nayak. 2017. Solar Energy. United States: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Tabak, J. 2009. Solar and Geothermal Energy. United States: Infobase Publishing.
  • Tavana, H. M. 2009. “Study of Wave Energy Potential in Tonekabon (N Iran).” In 2009 1st International Conference on the Developements in Renewable Energy Technology (ICDRET), Dhaka-Bangladesh, 1–3.
  • The World Bank. 2020. Iran Carbon (CO2) Emissions 1960-2020. United States.
  • Tir, N. A., F. Momeni, and G. T. Boboevich. 2014. “Exploring the Effects of Water Sector Investment in Economic Development in Iran.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 131 (5): 396–405.
  • Tofigh, A. A., and G. D. Najafpour. 2012. “Technical and Economical Evaluation of Desalination Processes for Potable Water from Seawater.” Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 12 (1): 42–45.
  • Tofigh, A. A., and M. Abedian. 2016. “Analysis of Energy Status in Iran for Designing Sustainable Energy Roadmap.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 57: 1296–1306.
  • Tomaszewska, B., and M. Bodzek. 2013. “Desalination of Geothermal Waters Using a Hybrid UF-RO Process. Part I: Boron Removal in Pilot-scale Tests.” Desalination 319: 99–106.
  • Touati, S., A. Belkaid, R. Benabid, K. Halbaoui, and M. Chelali. 2012. “Pre-feasibility Design and Simulation of Hybrid PV/fuel Cell Energy System for Application to Desalination Plants Loads.” Procedia Engineering 33: 366–376.
  • Tufa, R. A., E. Curcio, E. Brauns, W. van Baak, E. Fontananova, and G. Di Profio. 2015. “Membrane Distillation and Reverse Electrodialysis for Near-zero Liquid Discharge and Low Energy Seawater Desalination.” Journal of Membrane Science 496: 325–333.
  • Tufa, R. A., Y. Noviello, G. Di Profio, F. Macedonio, A. Ali, E. Drioli, E. Fontananova, K. Bouzek, and E. Curcio. 2019. “Integrated Membrane Distillation-reverse Electrodialysis System for Energy-efficient Seawater Desalination.” Applied Energy 253: 113551.
  • Turchi, C., S. Akar, T. Cath, J. Vanneste, E. Gustafson, and J. Akerley. 2017. Desalination of Impaired Water Using Geothermal Energy. Golden, CO (United States): National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL).
  • Tzen, E. 2006. “Overview of the Desalination Technologies Powered by Renewable Energies (RE).” In Proceedings of International Seminar Desalination Systems Powered by Renewable Energy. Amman, Jordan.
  • Ullah, I., and M. G. Rasul. 2019. “Recent Developments in Solar Thermal Desalination Technologies: A Review.” Energies 12 (1): 119.
  • Ummel, K., and D. Wheeler. 2008. “Desert Power: The Economics of Solar Thermal Electricity for Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.” Center for Global Development Working Paper, 156.
  • Vafaeipour, M., S. H. Zolfani, M. H. M. Varzandeh, A. Derakhti, and M. K. Eshkalag. 2014. “Assessment of Regions Priority for Implementation of Solar Projects in Iran: New Application of a Hybrid Multi-criteria Decision Making Approach.” Energy Conversion and Management 86: 653–663.
  • Viola, A., V. Franzitta, M. Trapanese, D. Curto, and D. Viola. 2016. “Nexus Water & Energy: A Case Study of Wave Energy Converters (Wecs) to Desalination Applications in Sicily.” International Journal of Heat and Technology 34 (2): S379–S386.
  • Voutchkov, N. 2012. Desalination Engineering: Planning and Design. Australia: McGraw Hill Professional.
  • Werner, C. M., B. E. Logan, P. E. Saikaly, and G. L. Amy. 2013. “Wastewater Treatment, Energy Recovery and Desalination Using a Forward Osmosis Membrane in an Air-cathode Microbial Osmotic Fuel Cell.” Journal of Membrane Science 428: 116–122.
  • Wetterau, G. 2011. Desalination of Seawater: M61. Vol. 61. United States: American Water Works Association.
  • Yılmaz, İ. H., and M. S. Söylemez. 2012. “Design and Computer Simulation on Multi-effect Evaporation Seawater Desalination System Using Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources in Turkey.” Desalination 291: 23–40.
  • Younos, T. 2005. “The Economics of Desalination.” Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 132 (1): 39–45.
  • Yousefi, H., S. Ehara, and Y. Noorollahi. 2007. “Geothermal Potential Site Selection Using GIS in Iran.” In Proceedings of the 32nd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, 174–182. Stanford, California: Stanford University.
  • Yousefi, H., Y. Noorollahi, S. Ehara, R. Itoi, A. Yousefi, Y. Fujimitsu, J. Nishijima, and K. Sasaki. 2010. “Developing the Geothermal Resources Map of Iran.” Geothermics 39 (2): 140–151.
  • Yousefi, Z., R. Motallebi, and A. Takdastan. 2014. “Water Desalination by Membrane Technology (RO) in Southern Iran (Jask City).” Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal 1 (1): 13–18.
  • Yuan, Y., X. Gao, Y. Wei, X. Wang, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, and C. Gao. 2017. “Enhanced Desalination Performance of Carboxyl Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanofiltration Membranes.” Desalination 405: 29–39.
  • Zabihian, F., and A. S. Fung. 2011. “Review of Marine Renewable Energies: Case Study of Iran.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (5): 2461–2474.
  • Zamen, M., S. M. Soufari, S. A. Vahdat, M. Amidpour, M. A. Zeinali, H. Izanloo, and H. Aghababaie. 2014. “Experimental Investigation of a Two-stage Solar Humidification–dehumidification Desalination Process.” Desalination 332 (1): 1–6.
  • Zanous, S. P., R. Shafaghat, R. Alamian, M. S. Shadloo, and M. Khosravi. 2019. “Feasibility Study of Wave Energy Harvesting along the Southern Coast and Islands of Iran.” Renewable Energy 135: 502–514.
  • Zejli, D., R. Benchrifa, A. Bennouna, and K. Zazi. 2004. “Economic Analysis of Wind-powered Desalination in the South of Morocco.” Desalination 165: 219–230.
  • Zhang, B., and Z. He. 2013. “Improving Water Desalination by Hydraulically Coupling an Osmotic Microbial Fuel Cell with a Microbial Desalination Cell.” Journal of Membrane Science 441: 18–24.
  • Zhang, F., K. S. Brastad, and Z. He. 2011. “Integrating Forward Osmosis into Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment, Water Extraction and Bioelectricity Generation.” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (15): 6690–6696.
  • Zhou, Y., and R. S. J. Tol. 2005. “Evaluating the Costs of Desalination and Water Transport.” Water Resources Research 41 (3): 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003749.
  • Zirakrad, A., S. J. Hashemian, and M. T. Ghaneian. 2013. Performance Study of Reverse Osmosis Plants for Water Desalination in Bandar-lengeh, Iran.Iran/JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH RESEARCH.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.