Techno-economic feasibility of a remote PV mini-grid electrification system for five localities in Chad

References

• Adaramola, M. S., M. Agelin-Chaab, and S. S. Paul. 2014. “Analysis of Hybrid Energy Systems for Application in Southern Ghana.” Energy Conversion and Management 88: 284–295. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agyekum, E. B., and C. Nutakor. 2020. “Feasibility Study and Economic Analysis of stand-alone Hybrid Energy System for Southern Ghana.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 39 (March): 100695. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2020.100695.
   Google Scholar
• Akinyele, D. 2017. “Techno-economic Design and Performance Analysis of Nanogrid Systems for Households in energy-poor Villages.” Sustainable Cities and Society 34: 335–357. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.07.004. Oct.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Garni, H. Z., A. Awasthi, and M. A. M. Ramli. 2018. “Optimal Design and Analysis of grid-connected Photovoltaic under Different Tracking Systems Using HOMER.” Energy Conversion and Management 155: 42–57. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.090. Jan.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ghriybah, M., M. F. Zulkafli, D. H. Didane, and S. Mohd. 2019. “The Effect of Inner Blade Position on the Performance of the Savonius Rotor.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 36 (September): 100534. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2019.100534.
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, A. S., M. F. N. Tajuddin, M. R. Adzman, A. Azmi, and M. A. M. Ramli. 2019. “Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis of Standalone Hybrid Energy Systems for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Iraq.” Renewable Energy 138: 775–792. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baneshi, M., and F. Hadianfard. 2016. “Techno-economic Feasibility of Hybrid diesel/PV/wind/battery Electricity Generation Systems for non-residential Large Electricity Consumers under Southern Iran Climate Conditions.” Energy Conversion and Management 127: 233–244. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.09.008. Nov.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhakta, S., and V. Mukherjee. 2017. “Performance Indices Evaluation and Techno Economic Analysis of Photovoltaic Power Plant for the Application of Isolated India’s Island.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 20: 9–24. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2017.02.002. Apr.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharyya, S. C. 2015. “Mini-grid Based Electrification in Bangladesh: Technical Configuration and Business Analysis.” Renewable Energy 75: 745–761. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.10.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilal, B.O., Nourou, D., Kébé, C. M. F., Sambou, V., Ndiaye, P. A., and Ndongo, M., et al. 2015. “Multi-objective Optimization of Hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery Systems for Decentralized Application by Minimizing the Levelized Cost of Energy and the CO2 Emissions. International Journal of Physical Sciences 10 (5): 192–203; . doi:10.5897/IJPS2014.4251.
   Google Scholar
• Branker, K., M. J. M. Pathak, and J. M. Pearce. 2011. “A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Levelized Cost of Electricity.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (9): 4470–4482. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colle, S., S. Luna Abreu, and R. Rüther. 2004. “Economic Evaluation and Optimization of Hybrid diesel/photovoltaic Systems Integrated to Utility Grids.” Solar Energy 76 (1–3): 295–299. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2003.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaf, S., M. Belhamel, M. Haddadi, and A. Louche. 2008. “Technical and Economic Assessment of Hybrid photovoltaic/wind System with Battery Storage in Corsica Island.” Energy Policy 36 (2): 743–754. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.10.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didane, D. H., S. Mohd, Z. Subari, N. Rosly, M. F. Zulkifli, and M. F. Masrom, “An Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a Perforated Wind Turbine Blade,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 24–25 November 2016, Malaysia, vol. 160 IOP Publishing Ltd, p. 1–8, 2016a. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/160/1/012039.
   Google Scholar
• Didane, D. H., A. A. Wahab, S. S. Shamsudin, and N. Rosly. 2016b. “Assessment of Wind Energy Potential in the Capital City of Chad, N ’ Djamena. 7th International Conference on Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 020049-12, 1-3 August 2016, 1831. Indonesia: AIP Publishing. doi:10.1063/1.4981190
   Google Scholar
• Didane, D. H., N. Rosly, M. F. Zulkafli, and S. S. Shamsudin. 2017a. “Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential as a Power Generation Source in Chad.” International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2017: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2017/3121875.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didane, D. H., N. Rosly, M. F. Zulkafli, and S. S. Shamsudin. 2017b. “Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential as a Power Generation Source in Chad.” International Journal of Rotating Machinery 7 (6): 663–673. doi:10.1155/2017/3121875.
   Google Scholar
• Dufo-Lôpez, R., and J. Bernal-Agustin. 2005. “Design and Control Strategies of PV-diesel Systems Using Genetic Algorithms.” Solar Energy 79 (1): 33–46. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2004.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duman, A. C., and Ö. Güler. 2018. “Techno-economic Analysis of off-grid PV/wind/fuel Cell Hybrid System Combinations with a Comparison of Regularly and Seasonally Occupied Households.” Sustainable Cities and Society 42: 107–126. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.029. Oct.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EIA, “Africa Energy Outlook 2019,” Energy Reports, 2019. https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2019 (accessed 07 Jul 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Esan, A. B., A. F. Agbetuyi, O. Oghorada, K. Ogbeide, A. A. Awelewa, and A. E. Afolabi. 2019. “Reliability Assessments of an Islanded Hybrid PV-diesel-battery System for a Typical Rural Community in Nigeria.” Heliyon 5 (5): e01632. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorbani, N., A. Kasaeian, A. Toopshekan, L. Bahrami, and A. Maghami. 2018. “Optimizing a Hybrid wind-PV-battery System Using GA-PSO and MOPSO for Reducing Cost and Increasing Reliability.” Energy 154: 581–591. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.057. Jul.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassane, A. I., J.-M. Hauglustaine, and A. M. Tahir. 2017. “the Promotion of Renewable Energies: A Sustainable Answer to the Energy Problems of the Rural Households in Chad.” International Journal of Renewable Energy Resources 6 (2): 45–52.
   Google Scholar
• Hassane, A. I., D. H. Didane, A. M. Tahir, and J. M. Hauglustaine. 2018. “Wind and Solar Assessment in the Sahelian Zone of Chad.” International Journal of Integrated Engineering 10 (8). doi:10.30880/ijie.2018.10.08.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassane, A. I., A. H. M. Ali, A. M. Tahir, and J. M. Hauglustaine. 2019. “Simulation of a Photovoltaic Panels Market for Promoting Solar Energy in Chad.” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 9 (3): 1472–1469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassane, A. I., D. Hissein Didane, A. Mahamat Tahir, R. Martin Mouangue, J. Gaston Tamba, and J.-M. Hauglustaine. 2022. “Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Off-Grid Applications in Chad.” International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11 (1): 49–62. doi:10.14710/ijred.2022.39012.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain, M., S. Mekhilef, and L. Olatomiwa. 2017. “Performance Evaluation of a stand-alone PV-wind-diesel-battery Hybrid System Feasible for a Large Resort Center in South China Sea, Malaysia.” Sustainable Cities and Society 28: 358–366. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.10.008. Jan.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isa, N. M., H. S. Das, C. W. Tan, A. H. M. Yatim, and K. Y. Lau. 2016. “A techno-economic Assessment of A Combined Heat and Power photovoltaic/fuel cell/battery Energy System in Malaysia Hospital.” Energy 112: 75–90. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail, M. S., M. Moghavvemi, and T. M. I. Mahlia. 2013. “Techno-economic Analysis of an Optimized Photovoltaic and Diesel Generator Hybrid Power System for Remote Houses in a Tropical Climate.” Energy Conversion and Management 69: 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2013.02.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeyaprabha, S. B., and A. I. Selvakumar. 2015. “Optimal Sizing of photovoltaic/battery/diesel Based Hybrid System and Optimal Tilting of Solar Array Using the Artificial Intelligence for Remote Houses in India.” Energy and Buildings 96: 40–52. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.03.012. Jun.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanase-Patil, A. B., R. P. Saini, and M. P. Sharma. 2010. “Integrated Renewable Energy Systems for off Grid Rural Electrification of Remote Area.” Renewable Energy 35 (6): 1342–1349. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutroulis, E., D. Kolokotsa, A. Potirakis, and K. Kalaitzakis. 2006. “Methodology for Optimal Sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic/wind-generator Systems Using Genetic Algorithms.” Solar Energy 80 (9): 1072–1088. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., E. Brewer, C. Christiano, F. Meyo, E. Miguel, M. Podolsky, J. Rosa, et al. 2016. “Electrification for ‘Under Grid’ Households in Rural Kenya.” Development Engineering 1: 26–35. Jun. doi:10.1016/J.deveng.2015.12.001.
   Google Scholar
• Maleki, A., and A. Askarzadeh. 2014. “Optimal Sizing of A PV/wind/diesel System with Battery Storage for Electrification to an off-grid Remote Region: A Case Study of Rafsanjan, Iran.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 7: 147–153. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2014.04.005.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil, M. A., N. Karali, and V. Letschert. 2019. “Forecasting Indonesia’s Electricity Load through 2030 and Peak Demand Reductions from Appliance and Lighting Efficiency.” Energy for Sustainable Development 49: 65–77. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2019.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Economy and Development Planning, Republic of Chad. 2017. National Development Planning 2017-2021 1 (1): 128. Ndjamena: Prime Minister’s Office.
   Google Scholar
• Muh, E., and F. Tabet. 2019. “Comparative Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for off-grid Applications in Southern Cameroons.” Renewable Energy 135: 41–54. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.11.105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nacer, T., A. Hamidat, and O. Nadjemi. 2015. “Techno-economic Impacts Analysis of a Hybrid Grid Connected Energy System Applied for a Cattle Farm.” Energy Procedia 75: 963–968. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.292.
   Google Scholar
• Nagapurkar, P., and J. D. Smith. 2019. “Techno-economic Optimization and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Microgrids Located in the US Using Genetic Algorithm.” Energy Conversion and Management 181: 272–291. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.11.072. Feb.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odou, O. D. T., R. Bhandari, and R. Adamou. 2020. “Hybrid off-grid Renewable Power System for Sustainable Rural Electrification in Benin.” Renewable Energy 145: 1266–1279. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunjuyigbe, A. S. O., T. R. Ayodele, and O. A. Akinola. 2016. “Optimal Allocation and Sizing of PV/Wind/Split-diesel/Battery Hybrid Energy System for Minimizing Life Cycle Cost, Carbon Emission and Dump Energy of Remote Residential Building.” Applied Energy 171: 153–171. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.051. Jun.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olatomiwa, L., S. Mekhilef, A. S. N. Huda, and O. S. Ohunakin. 2015a. “Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Energy Systems for Rural Electrification in Six geo-political Zones of Nigeria.” Renewable Energy 83: 435–446. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.04.057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olatomiwa, L., S. Mekhilef, A. S. N. Huda, and K. Sanusi. 2015b. “Techno-economic Analysis of Hybrid PV–diesel–battery and PV–wind–diesel–battery Power Systems for Mobile BTS: The Way Forward for Rural Development.” Energy Science and Engineering 3 (4): 271–285. doi:10.1002/ese3.71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olatomiwa, L., S. Mekhilef, and O. S. Ohunakin. 2016. “Hybrid Renewable Power Supply for Rural Health Clinics (RHC) in Six geo-political Zones of Nigeria.” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 13: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2015.11.001. Feb.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouedraogo, B. I., S. Kouame, Y. Azoumah, and D. Yamegueu. 2015. “Incentives for Rural off Grid Electrification in Burkina Faso Using LCOE.” Renewable Energy 78: 573–582. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.01.044. Jun.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raji, A. K., and D. N. Luta. 2019. “Modeling and Optimization of a Community Microgrid Components.” Energy Procedia 156: 406–411. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.103.
   Google Scholar
• Saheb-Koussa, D., M. Haddadi, and M. Belhamel. 2008. “Economic and Technical Study of a Hybrid System (wind-photovoltaic-diesel) for Rural Electrification in Algeria.” Applied Energy 86: 1024–1030. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.10.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sen, R., and S. C. Bhattacharyya. 2014. “Off-grid Electricity Generation with Renewable Energy Technologies inIndia: An Application of HOMER.” Renewable Energy 62: 388–398. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaahid, S. M., and I. El-Amin. 2009. “Techno-economic Evaluation of off-grid Hybrid photovoltaic-diesel-battery Power Systems for Rural Electrification in Saudi Arabia-A Way Forward for Sustainable Development.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (3): 625–633. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2007.11.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafiullah, G. M., A. M. T. Oo, A. S. Ali, D. Jarvis, and P. Wolfs. 2010. “Economic Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Model for Subtropical Climate.” International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering 1 (2) (Dec): 57–65. doi:10.5383/ijtee.01.02.001.
   Google Scholar
• Shafiullah, G. M. 2016. “Hybrid Renewable Energy Integration (HREI) System for Subtropical Climate in Central Queensland, Australia.” Renewable Energy 96: 1034–1053. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafiullah, G. M., T. Masola, R. Samu, R. M. Elavarasan, S. Begum, U. Subramaniam, M. F. Romlie, M. Chowdhury, and M. T. Arif. 2021. “Prospects of Hybrid Renewable Energy-Based Power System: A Case Study, Post Analysis of Chipendeke Micro-Hydro, Zimbabwe.” IEEE Access 9: 73433–73452. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3078713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoeb, M. A., T. Jamal, G. M. Shafiullah, and M. M. Rahman, “Analysis of Remote PV-diesel Based Hybrid Minigrid for Different Load Conditions,” IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT-Asia), 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016, IEEE, Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, Melbourne, VI, pp. 1165–1170, 2016. doi: 10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2016.7796550
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, S., S. S. Chandel, and P. Malik. 2021. “Investigation of A building-integrated Solar photovoltaic-wind-battery Hybrid Energy System: A Case Study.” International Journal of Energy Research 45 (15) (Dec): 21534–21539. doi:10.1002/er.7184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh Kumar, U., and P. S. Manoharan. 2014. “Economic Analysis of Hybrid Power Systems (PV/diesel) in Different Climatic Zones of Tamil Nadu.” Energy Conversion and Management 80: 469–476. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.01.046. Apr.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, A. K., H. Malik, S. S. Chandel, I. A. Khan, S. Al Otaibi, and H. I. Alkhammash. 2021. “Novel Approach to Investigate the Influence of Optimum Tilt Angle on Minimum Cost of Energy-Based Maximum Power Generation and Sizing of PV Systems: A Case Study of Diverse Climatic Zones in India.” IEEE Access 9: 110103–110115. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3102153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, S., and F. Dincer. 2017. “Optimal Design of Hybrid PV-Diesel-Battery Systems for Isolated Lands: A Case Study for Kilis, Turkey.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 77: 344–352. Elsevier Ltd. Doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar