Components of effective early reading interventions for young struggling readers

References

• Anderson , R. C. , Hiebert , E. H. , Scott , J. A. and Wilkinson , I. A.J. 1985 . Becoming a nation of readers: The report of the Commission on Reading , Washington, DC : National Institute of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Askew , B. J. , Kaye , E. , Frasier , D. E. , Mobasher , M. , Anderson , N. and Riodriquez , Y. G. 2003 . “ Making a case for prevention in education ” . In Research in Reading Recovery , Edited by: Forbes , S. and Briggs , C. Vol. 2 , 133 – 158 . Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , I. L. 1997 . Response to “overselling phonics” [Letter to the Editor] . Reading Today, Oct/Nov , 17
   Google Scholar
• Beck , I. L. , McKeown , M. G. and Kucan , L. 2002 . Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction , New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bost , L. W. and Riccomini , P. J. 2006 . Effective instruction: An inconspicuous strategy for dropout prevention . Remedial and Special Education , 27 : 301 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brynner , J. 2008 . Illuminating disadvantage . Education Journal , 110 : 34 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Bursuck , W. D. , Smith , T. , Munk , D. , Damer , M. , Mehlig , L. and Perry , J. 2004 . Evaluating the impact of a prevention-based model of reading on children who are at risk . Remedial and Special Education , 25 : 303 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney , K. J. and Stiefel , G. S. 2008 . Long-term results of a problem-solving approach to Response to Intervention: Discussion and implications . Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal , 6 : 61 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Carnine , D. W. 1976 . Similar sound separation and cumulative introduction in learning letter-sound correspondences . Journal of Educational Research , 69 : 368 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnine , D. W. 1980 . Two letter discrimination sequences: High-confusion alternatives first versus low-confusion alternatives first . Journal of Reading Behavior , 12 : 41 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnine , D. W. 1989 . Designing practice activities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 22 : 603 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catts , H. W. , Adlof , S. M. and Weismer , S. E. 2006 . Language deficits in poor comprehenders: A case for the simple view of reading . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research , 49 : 278 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center , Y. , Wheldall , K. , Freeman , L. , Outhred , L. and McNaught , M. 1995 . An evaluation of Reading Recovery . Reading Research Quarterly , 30 : 240 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clay , M. M. 1993 . Reading Recovery: A guidebook for teachers in training , Auckland, NZ : Heinemann Education .
   Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. and Prior , M. 2007 . Learning to read in Australia , Canberra : The Academy of Social Sciences in Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , A. E. and Stanovich , K. E. 1997 . Early reading acquisition and its relation to reading experience and ability ten years later . Developmental Psychology , 33 : 934 – 945 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Education Science and Training (DEST) . 2005 . National Inquiry into the Teaching of Literacy (NITL). Teaching reading: Report and recommendations Retrieved December 21, 2007, from http://www.dest.gov.au/nitl/documents/report_recommendations.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Duff , F. J. , Fieldsend , E. , Bowyer-Crane , C. , Hulme , C. , Smith , G. Gibbs , S. 2008 . Reading with vocabulary intervention: Evaluation of an instruction for children with poor response to reading intervention . Journal of Research in Reading , 31 : 319 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehri , L. C. 2003 . Systematic phonics instruction: Findings of the National Reading Panel Retrieved May 16, 2009, from http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/pdf/literacy/lehri_phonics.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ehri , L. C. , Dreyer , L. G. , Flugman , B. and Gross , A. 2007 . Reading Rescue: An effective tutoring intervention model for language-minority students who are struggling readers in first grade . American Educational Research Journal , 44 : 414 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehri , L. C. , Nunes , S. R. , Stahl , S. S. and Willows , D. W. 2001 . Systematic phonics Instruction helps students learn to read: Evidence from the National Reading Panel's meta-analysis . Reading Research Quarterly , 71 : 393 – 447 .
   Google Scholar
• Ensminger , M. E. and Slusarcick , A. L. 1992 . Paths to high school graduation or dropout: A longitudinal study of a first-grade cohort . Sociology of Education , 65 : 95 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foorman , B. R. , Francis , D. J. , Fletcher , J. M. , Schatschneider , C. and Mehta , P. 1998 . The role of instruction in learning to read: Preventing reading failure in at-risk children . Journal of Educational Psychology , 90 : 37 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , D. and Fuchs , L. S. 2006 . Introduction to Response to Intervention: What, why, and how valid is it? . Reading Research Quarterly , 41 : 93 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , L. S. and Fuchs , D. 1998 . Treatment validity: A unifying concept for reconceptualizing the identification of learning disabilities . Learning Disabilities Research and Practice , 13 : 204 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Georgiou , G. K. , Das , J. P. and Hayward , D. 2008 . Revisiting the “simple view of reading” in a group of children with poor reading comprehension . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 42 : 76 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersten , R. , Compton , D. , Connor , C. M. , Dimino , J. , Santoro , L. Linan-Thompson , S. 2009 . Assisting students struggling with reading: Response to Intervention and muitli-tier inteventions in the primary grades. A practice guide Retrieved June 29, 2009, from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/publications/practiceguides/
   Google Scholar
• Gersten , R. and Dimino , J. A. 2006 . RTI (Response to Intervention): Rethinking special education for students with reading difficulties (yet again) . Reading Research Quarterly , 41 : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Good , R. H. and Kaminski , R. A. 2002 . Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills , 6th ed. , Eugene, OR : Institute for the Development of Educational Achievement .
   Google Scholar
• Gough , P. B. , Juel , C. and Griffith , P. L. 1992 . “ Reading, spelling and the orthographic cipher ” . In Reading aquisition , Edited by: Gough , P. B. , Ehri , L. C. and Treiman , R. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood , C. 2001 . Introduction to topical issue: Bridging the gap between research and practice in special education: Issues and implications for teacher preparation . Teacher Education and Special Education , 24 : 273 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Gunn , B. , Smolkowski , K. , Biglan , A. and Black , C. 2000 . The efficacy of supplemental instruction in decoding skills for Hispanic and non-Hispanic students in early elementary school: A follow-up . Journal of Special Education , 36 : 69 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , P. J. , Hulme , C. and Ellis , A. W. 1994 . Ameliorating early reading failure by integrating the teaching of reading and phonological skills: The phonological linkage hypothesis . Child Development , 65 : 41 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , P. J. , Hulme , C. , Miles , J. N.V. , Carroll , J. M. , Hatcher , J. Gibbs , S. 2006 . Efficacy of small group reading intervention for beginning readers with reading-delay: A randomised controlled trial . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 : 820 – 827 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helf , S. , Cooke , N. L. and Flowers , C. P. 2009 . Effects of two grouping conditions on students who are at risk for reading failure . Preventing School Failure , 53 : 113 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoover , N. 2001 . Reading Rescue: A handbook for tutors , Gainsville, FL : Literacy Trust .
   Google Scholar
• Hoover , W. A. and Gough , P. B. 1990 . The simple view of reading . Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal , 2 : 127 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , J. R. , Peyton , J. A. , Sanders , E. A. and Vadasy , P. F. 2004 . Effects of reading decodable text in supplemental first-grade tutoring . Scientific Studies of Reading , 8 : 53 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jitendra , A. K. , Edwards , L. L. , Starosta , K. , Sacks , G. , Jacobson , L. A. and Choutka , C. M. 2004 . Early reading instruction for children with reading difficulties: Meeting the needs of diverse learners . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 37 : 421 – 439 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , R. S. and Watson , J. E. 2005 . “ A seven year study of the effects of synthetic phonics teaching on reading and spelling attainment, Insight 17 ” . Retrieved October 15, 2008, from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/933/0044071.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Juel , C. 1988 . Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 : 437 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juel , C. and Roper-Schneider , D. 1985 . The influence of basal readers on first grade reading . Reading Research Quarterly , 20 : 134 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kameenui , E. J. and Simmons , D. C. 1990 . Designing instructional strategies: The prevention of academic learning problems , Columbus, OH : Merrill .
   Google Scholar
• Kamps , D. , Abbott , M. , Greenwood , C. , Wills , H. , Veerkamp , M. and Kauffman , J. 2008 . Effects of small-group reading instruction and curriculum differrences for students most at risk in kindergarten . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 41 : 101 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendeou , P. , Savage , R. and van den Broek , P. 2009 . Revisiting the simple view of reading . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 79 : 353 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby , J. R. and Savage , R. S. 2008 . Can the simple view deal with the complexities of reading? . Literacy , 42 : 75 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Lyon , G. R. and Moats , L. C. 1997 . Critical conceptual and methodological considerations in reading intervention research . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 30 : 578 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mash , E. J. and Wolfe , D. A. 2002 . Abnormal child psychology , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Thomson Learning .
   Google Scholar
• Mathes , P. G. , Denton , C. A. , Fletcher , J. M. , Anthony , J. L. , Francis , D. J. and Schatschneider , C. 2005 . The effects of theoretically different instruction and student characteristics on the skills of struggling readers . Reading Research Quarterly , 40 : 148 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathes , P. G. , Howard , J. K. , Allen , S. H. and Fuchs , D. 1998 . Peer-assisted learning strategies for first-grade readers: Responding to the needs of diverse learners . Reading Research Quarterly , 33 : 62 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathes , P. G. and Torgesen , J. K. 2000 . A call for equity in reading instruction for all students: A response to Allington and Woodside-Jiron . Educational Researcher , 29 : 4 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Mathes , P. G. , Torgesen , J. K. , Clancy-Menchetti , J. , Santi , K. , Nicholas , K. Robinson , C. 2003 . A comparison of teacher-directed versus peer-assisted instruction to struggling first-grade readers . Elementary School Journal , 103 : 459 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuinness , D. 2004 . Early reading instruction: What science really tells us about how to teach , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre , E. , Petrosko , J. , Jones , D. , Powell , R. , Powers , S. Newsome , F. 2005 . Supplemental instruction in early reading: Does it matter for beginning readers? . Journal of Educational Research , 99 : 99 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moats , L. C. 2005/6 . How spelling supports reading: And why it is more regular and predictable than you may think . American Educator, Winter , 12–22 : 42
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD) . 2000 . Report of the National Reading Panel: Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (NIH Publication No. 00-4769) , Washington, DC : US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor , R. 2000 . Increasing the intensity of intervention on kindergarten and first grade . Learning Disabilities Practice , 15 : 43 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor , R. E. , Fulmer , D. , Harty , K. R. and Bell , K. M. 2005 . Layers of reading intervention in kindergarten through third grade: Changes in teaching and student outcomes . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 38 : 440 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pressley , M. , Graham , S. and Harris , K. 2006 . The state of educational intervention research as viewed through the lens of literacy intervention . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , M. and Wheldall , K. 2007 . Reading Recovery twenty years down the track: Looking forward, looking back . International Journal of Disability, Development and Education , 54 : 199 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , M. , Wheldall , K. and Madelaine , A. 2009a . Building the WARL: The development of the Wheldall Assessment of Reading Lists, a curriculum-based meaure designed to identify young struggling readers and monitor their progress . Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties , 14 : 89 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , M. , Wheldall , K. and Madelaine , A. 2009b . The devil is in the detail regarding the efficacy of Reading Recovery: A rejoinder to Schwartz, Hobsbaum, Briggs and Scull . International Journal of Disability, Development and Education , 56 : 17 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , M. , Wheldall , K. and Madelaine , A. submitted . Getting them underway: What recent reviews tell us about the efficacy of reading interventions for struggling readers in the early years of schooling
   Google Scholar
• Rose , J. 2006 . Independent review of the teaching of early reading: Final report Retrieved September 20, 2006, from http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/rosereview
   Google Scholar
• Rosenshine , B. 1995 . Advances in research on instruction . Journal of Educational Research , 88 : 262 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenshine , B. and Stevens , R. 1986 . “ Teaching functions ” . In Handbook of research on teaching , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Wittrock , M. C. New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Rupley , W. H. , Blair , T. R. and Nichols , W. D. 2009 . Effective reading instruction for struggling readers: The role of direct/explicit teaching . Reading & Writing Quarterly , 25 : 125 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• Scanlon , D. M. , Vellutino , F. R. , Small , S. G. , Fanuele , D. P. and Sweeney , J. M. 2005 . Severe reading difficulties – can they be prevented? A comparison of prevention and intervention approaches . Exceptionality , 13 : 209 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Schumm , J. S. , Moody , S. W. and Vaughn , S. 2000 . Grouping for reading instruction: Does one size fit all? . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33 : 477 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , L. R. and Solity , J. 2008 . Delivering phonological and phonics training within whole-class teaching . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 78 : 597 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons , D. C. , Kame'enui , E. J. , Harn , B. , Coyne , M. D. , Stoolmiller , M. Santoro , L. E. 2007 . Attributes of effective and efficient kindergarten reading intervention: An examination of instructional time and design specificity . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 40 : 331 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavin , R. E. 1986 . Best-evidence synthesis: An alternative to meta-analytic and traditional reviews . Educational Researcher , 15 : 5 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , R. E. , Lake , C. , Davis , S. and Madden , N. A. 2009 . Effective programs for struggling readers: A best-evidence synthesis Retrieved June 17, 2009, from http://www.bestevidence.org/reading/strug/strug_read.htm
   Google Scholar
• Snow C. E. Burns M. S. Griffin P. Preventing reading difficulties in young children National Academy Press Washington, DC 1998
   Google Scholar
• Solity , J. and Vousden , J. 2009 . Reading schemes versus real books: A new perspective from instructional psychology . Educational Psychology , 29 : 469 – 511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprick , M. , Howard , L. M. and Fidanque , A. 1998 . Read well: Critical foundations in primary reading , Longmont, CO : Sopris West .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 1986 . Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 : 360 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart , M. , Dixon , M. , Masterson , J. and Gray , B. 2003 . Children's early reading vocabulary: Description and word frequency lists . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 585 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart , M. , Stainthorp , R. and Snowling , M. 2008 . Literacy as a complex activity: Deconstructing the simple view of reading . Literacy , 42 : 59 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen , J. K. 1998 . Catch then before they fall: Identification and assessment to prevent reading failure in young children . American Educator , 22 : 32 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen , J. K. 2004 . Preventing early reading failure . American Educator , Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/issues/fall04/reading.htm
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen , J. K. 2005 . “ Recent discoveries on remedial interventions for children with dyslexia ” . In The science of reading: A handbook Edited by: Snowling , M. J. and Hulme , C. Retrieved April 3, 2009, from http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405114882_ chunk_g978140511488236
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen , J. K. , Wagner , R. J. and Rashotte , C. A. 1997 . Prevention and remediation of severe reading disabilities: Keeping the end in mind . Scientific Studies of Reading , 1 : 2127 – 2234 .
   Google Scholar
• Torgesen , J. K. , Wagner , R. K. , Rashotte , C. A. , Alexander , A. W. and Conway , T. 1997 . Preventative and remedial interventions for children with severe reading disabilities . Learning Disabilities: A Multidiscipinary Journal , 8 : 51 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Treiman , R. 1998 . “ Why spelling? The benefits of incorporating spelling into beginning reading instruction ” . In Word recognition in beginning literacy , Edited by: Metsala , J. L. and Ehri , L. C. 289 – 313 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Vadasy , P. F. , Jenkins , J. R. , Antil , L. R. , Wayne , S. K. and O'Connor , R. E. 1997 . Community-based early reading intervention for at-risk readers . Learning Disabiities Research and Practice , 12 : 29 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Vadasy , P. F. , Jenkins , J. R. and Pool , K. 2000 . Effects of tutoring in phonological and early reading skills on students at risk for reading disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33 : 579 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn , S. and Fuchs , L. S. 2003 . Redefining learning disabilities as inadequate response to instruction: The promise and potential problems . Learning Disabilties Research and Practice , 18 : 137 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaughn , S. , Linan-Thompson , S. , Kouzekanani , K. , Bryant , D. P. , Dickson , S. and Blozis , S. A. 2003 . Reading instruction grouping for students with reading difficulties . Remedial and Special Education , 24 : 301 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn , S. , Wanzek , J. , Murray , C. S. , Scammacca , N. , Linan-Thompson , S. and Woodruff , A. L. 2009 . Response to early reading intervention: Examining higher and lower responders . Exceptional Children , 75 : 165 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellutino , F. R. , Scanlon , D. M. , Sipay , E. R. , Small , S. G. Pratt , A. R.C. 1996 . Cognitive profiles of difficult-to-remediate and readily remediated poor readers: Early intervention as a vehicle for distinguishing between cognitive and experiential deficits as basic causes of specific reading disability . Journal of Educational Psychology , 88 : 601 – 638 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyager Expanded Learning . 2004 . Voyager passport , Dallas, TX : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Wanzek , J. and Vaughn , S. 2007 . Research-based implications from extensive early reading interventions . School Psychology Review , 36 : 541 – 561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasik , B. A. 1998 . Volunteer tutoring programs in reading: A review . Reading Research Quarterly , 33 : 266 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasik , B. A. and Slavin , R. E. 1993 . Preventing early reading failure with one-to-one tutoring: A review of five programs . Reading Research Quarterly , 28 : 178 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westwood , P. 2008 . What teachers need to know about reading and writing difficulties , Camberwell, Victoria : ACER Press .
   Google Scholar
• What Works Clearinghouse . 2007 . Beginning reading Retrieved August 1, 2007, from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/reports/beginning_reading/topic/
   Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. and Pennington , B. F. 2000 . Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 41 : 1039 – 1048 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar