Exploring the Impact of a Community School Reform Initiative on the Literacy Achievement of Middle Level English Language Learners

References

• Adel, F. W., Bernstein, E., Tcheyan, M., Ali, S., Worabo, H., Farokhi, M., & Muck, A. E. (2019). San Antonio refugees: Their demographics, healthcare profiles, and how to better serve them. PLoS ONE, 14(2), 1–16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allensworth, E., Gwynne, J., Moore, P., & de la Torre, M. (2014). Looking forward to high school and college: Middle grade indicators of readiness in Chicago Public Schools. University of Chicago Consortium on Chicago School Research.
   Google Scholar
• Alvermann, D. E. (2002). Effective literacy instruction for adolescents. Journal of Literacy Research, 34(2), 189–208. doi:10.1207/s15548430jlr3402_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. A., Chen, M.-E., Min, M., & Watkins, L. L. (2019). Successes, challenges, and future directions for an urban full service community schools initiative. Education and Urban Society, 51(7), 894–921. doi:10.1177/0013124517747032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, T., Blount, D., Lindsay, C., Blom, E., Gebrekristos, S., & Alba, F. (2019). Robust and equitable measures to identify quality schools: Concept brief. KnowledgeWorks Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• August, D., & Hakuta, L. (Eds.). (1997). Improving schooling for language-minority children: A research agenda. National Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, P. C. (2011). An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(3), 399–424. doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.568786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balfanz, R., Herzog, L., & MacIver, D. J. (2007). Preventing student disengagement and keeping students on the graduation path in urban middle-grades schools: Early identification and effective interventions. Educational Psychologist, 42(4), 223–235. doi:10.1080/004615207016210079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltimore Education Research Consortium (BERC). (2011). Destination graduation: Sixth-grade early warning indicators for Baltimore City Schools: Their prevalence and impact. BERC.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, E., Bound, J., & Machin, S. J. (1998). Implications of skill-biased technological change: International evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4), 1245–1279. doi:10.1162/003355398555892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank, M. J., Melaville, A., & Shah, B. P. (2003). Making the difference: Research and practice in community schools. Making the difference: Research and practice in community schools. Coalition for Community Schools.
   Google Scholar
• Brigham, M. B. (2009). The Tennessee longitudinal study of adult literacy program participants. In S. Reder & J. Bynner (Eds.), Teaching adult literacy and numeracy skills. Findings from longitudinal research (pp. 296–311). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cahnmann-Taylor, M., & Souto-Manning, M. (2010). Teachers act up! creating multicultural learning communities through theatre. Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cassady, J. C., Smith, L. L., & Thomas, C. L. (2018). Supporting emergent literacy for English language learners with computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Research in Reading, 41(2), 350–369. doi:10.1111/1467-9817.12110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chall, J. S. (2000). The academic achievement challenge: What really works in the classroom? Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheruvu, R., Goodwin, A. L., & Genishi, C. (2008). Responding to multiple diversities in early childhood education: How far have we come? In C. Gineshi & A. L. Goodwin (Eds.), Diversities in early childhood education: Rethinking and doing (pp. 3–10). essay: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cirino, P. C., Romain, M. A., Barth, A. E., Tolar, T. D., Fletcher, J. M. N., & Vaughn, S. (2013). Reading skill components and impairments in middle school struggling readers. Reading and Writing, 26, 1059–1086. doi:10.1007/s11145-012-9406-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, W. G., & Chambers, S. P. (1965). The planning of observational studies of human populations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 128(2), 234–266. doi:10.2307/2344179
   Google Scholar
• Coulombe, S., Tremblay, J., & Marchand, S. (2004). Literacy scores, human capital, and growth across fourteen OECD countries. Statistics Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Crowley, J., & Hauser, A. (2007). Evaluating whole school improvement models: Creating meaningful and reasonable standards of review. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR), 12(1), 37–58. doi:10.1080/10824660701247242
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, J., Quartz, K. H., & Oakes, J. (2019). Teaching in community schools: Creating conditions for deeper learning. Review of Research in Education, 43(1), 453–480. doi:10.3102/0091732X18821126
   Google Scholar
• Dryfoos, J. G. (2000). Evaluation of community schools: Findings to date. Coalition for Community Schools. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED450204.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ewert, A., & Sibthorp, J. (2009). Creating outcomes through experiential education: The challenge of confounding variables. Journal of Experiential Education, 31(3), 376–389. doi:10.1177/105382590803100305
   Google Scholar
• Firmender, J. M., Reis, S. M., & Sweeny, S. M. (2013). Reading comprehension and fluency levels range across diverse classrooms: The need for differentiated reading instruction and content. Gifted Child Quarterly, 57(1), 3–14. doi:10.1177/0016986212460084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Future Ready PA Index (n.d.). The Pennsylvania Department of Education. https://www.education.pa.gov/K-12/ESSA/FutureReady/Pages/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Gakidou, E. (2013). Education, literacy & health outcomes findings. Paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Repot 2013/14, Teaching and learning: Achieving quality for all. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000225929
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, L., Teravainen, A., Clark, C., & Shaw, S. (2018). Literacy and life expectancy: An evidence review exploring the link between literacy and life expectancy in England through health and socioeconomic factors. National Literacy Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Gopnik, A. (2010). How babies think. Scientific American, 303(1), 76–81. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0710-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, J. R. (2017, November 29). Why I am proud to be mayor of America’s refugee capital. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/why-im-proud-be-mayor-americas-refugee-capital-726059
   Google Scholar
• Green, T. L. (2015). Leading for urban school reform and community development. Educational Administration Quarterly, 51(5), 679–711. doi:10.1177/0013161X77694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkes, J. (2017, September 23). Lancaster County’s 300 years of welcoming refugees celebrated by Church World Services’ 30th anniversary exhibit. Lancaster Online. https://lancasteronline.com/news/local/lancaster-county-s-years-of-welcoming-refugees-celebrated-by-church/article_0e51e148-9fd4-11e7-b6c2-7b6a8dbab759.html
   Google Scholar
• Heath, S. B. (1982). What no bedtime story means: Narrative skills at home and school. Language in Society, 11(1), 49–76. doi:10.1017/s0047404500009039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heers, M., Van Klaveren, C., Groot, W., & Maassen van den Brink, H. (2016). Community schools: What we know and what we need to know. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 1016–1051. doi:10.3102/0034654315627365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, W., & Olsen, L. (2010). American evaluation association meeting. Using propensity scores with small samples. Texas. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268214183_USING_PROPENSITY_SCORES_WITH_SMALL_SAMPLES. doi: 10.13140/2.1.2255.0724.
   Google Scholar
• Infante, M. I. (2000). Alfabetismo funcional en siete paises de America Latina. UNESCO Oficina Regional para America Latina y el Caribe. http://www.oei.es/alfabetizacion/b/Alfabetismo_funciona_AL_2000.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ippolito, J., Steele, J. L., & Samson, J. F. (2008). Introduction: Why adolescent literacy matters now. Harvard Educational Review, 78(1), 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerckhoff, A. C., Raudenbush, S. W., & Glennie, E. (2001). Education, cognitive skill, and labor force outcomes. Sociology of Education, 74(1), 1–24. doi:10.2307/2673142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, J. (2009). Oakland Unified School District case study: OIHS. School Redesign Network at Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Kieffer, M. J., & Marinell, W. H. (2012). Navigating the middle grades: Evidence from New York City. The Research Alliance for New York City Schools. https://www.issuelab.org/resource/navigating-the-middle-grades-evidence-from-new-york-city.html
   Google Scholar
• Klinger, J. K., Artiles, A. J., & Mendez Barletta, L. (2006). English language learners who struggle with reading: Language acquisition or LD? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39(2), 108–128. doi:10.1177/00222194060390020101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretovics, J., Farber, K., & Armaline, W. (1991). Reform from the bottom up: Empowering teachers to transform schools. The Phi Delta Kappan, 73(4), 295–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurlaender, M., Reardon, S. F., & Jackson, J. (2008). Middle school predictors of high school achievement in three California school districts. University of California, California Dropout Research Project. https://cdrpsb.org/download.php?file=researchreport13.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Luo, R., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., & Mendelsohn, A. L. (2019). Children’s literacy experiences in low-income families: The content of books matters. Reading Research Quarterly, 1–21. doi:10.1002/rrq.263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier, A., Daniel, J., Oakes, J., & Lam, L. (2017). Community schools as an effective improvement strategy: A review of the evidence. Report prepared by the Learning Policy Institute and the National Education Policy Center.
   Google Scholar
• Maier, A., & Levin-Guracar (n.d.). Performance assessment profile: Oakland International High School. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/project/california-performance-assessment-collaborative
   Google Scholar
• Malouff, J. (2008). Bias in grading. College Teaching, 56(3), 191–192. doi:10.3200/CTCH.56.3.191-192
   Google Scholar
• McCorry, K. (2015). Pa. says 2015 standardized test scores dropped precipitously because of added rigor. WHYY PBS. https://whyy.org/articles/pa-says-2015-standardized-test-scores-dropped-precipitously-because-of-added-rigor/
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, B. A., & Scollay, P. A. (2009). Outcomes of literacy improvement. A longitudinal view. In S. Reder & J. Bynner (Eds.), Teaching adult literacy and numeracy skills. Findings from longitudinal research (pp. 312–328). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalf, H., & Meadows, P. (2009). Outcomes for basic skills learners. A four-year longitudinal study. In S. Reder & J. Bynner (Eds.), Teaching adult literacy and numeracy skills. Findings from longitudinal research (pp. 225–241). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, H. (2017, February 8). The School District of Lancaster considers it an honor to serve refugee students. Lancaster Online. https://lancasteronline.com/opinion/columnists/the-school-district-of-lancaster-considers-it-an-honor-to/article_95af7f54-ed8e-11e6-b0ad-0b155aa3da71.html
   Google Scholar
• Moll, L. C., Sáez, R., & Dworin, J. (2001). Exploring biliteracy: Two student case examples of writing as a social practice. The Elementary School Journal, 101(4), 435–449. doi:10.1086/499680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAEP. (2011). The nation's report card: Writing 2011. https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/pdf/main2011/2012470.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NAEP. (2019). The nation’s report card: Reading 2019. Institute of Education Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). (2019). Third-grade reading legislation. NCSL.
   Google Scholar
• National Middle School Association. (2010). This we believe: Keys to educating young adolescents. Westerville, OH: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Neild, R. C., & Balfanz, R. (2006). Unfulfilled promise: The dimensions and characteristics of Philadelphia’s dropout crisis, 2000-05. Philadelphia’s Youth Transitions Collaborative. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED538341
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, J. H., & Cooter, K. (2013). An investigation of the efficacy of one urban literacy academy: Enhancing teacher capacity through professional development. Reading Horizons: A Journal of Literacy and Language Arts, 52(2), 181–209. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol52/iss2/6/
   Google Scholar
• Pivovarova, M., & Powers, J. M. (2019). Are immigrant students disproportionately consuming educational resources? The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2019/10/03/are-immigrant-students-disproportionately-consuming-educational-resources/
   Google Scholar
• Prins, E. (2008). Adult literacy education, gender equity and empowerment: Insights from a Freirean-inspired literacy programme. Studies in the Education of Adults, 40(1), 24–39. doi:10.1080/02660830.2008.11661554
   Google Scholar
• Provinzano, K., Sondergeld, T. A., & Knaggs, C. M. (2020). Community schools as a sustainable comprehensive school reform strategy: A transformative mixed methods perspective. Mid-western Educational Researcher, 32(1), 3–30.
   Google Scholar
• Radford, J., & Connor, P. (2016). Just 10 states resettled more than half of recent refugees to U.S. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/06/just-10-states-resettled-more-than-half-of-recent-refugees-to-u-s/
   Google Scholar
• Read Charlotte. (2018). The big five. https://readcharlotte.org/research/the-big-five/
   Google Scholar
• Rowlands, G., Protheroe, J., Winkley, J., Richardson, M., Seed, P. T., & Rudd, R. (2015). A mismatch between population health literacy and the complexity of health information: An observational study. British Journal of General Practice, 65(635), 379–386. doi:10.3399/bjgp15X685285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-de-Velasco, J., & Fix, M. (2000). Overlooked and underserved: Immigrant students in U.S. secondary schools. Urban Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Skwarchuk, S.-L., Sowinski, C., & Lefevre, J.-A. (2014). Formal and informal home learning activities in relation to children’s early numeracy and literacy skills: The development of a home numeracy model. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 121, 63–84. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2013.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snow, C. E., Porche, M. V., Tabors, P. O., & Harris, S. R. (2007). Is literacy enough? Pathways to academic success for adolescents. Brookes.
   Google Scholar
• Sondergeld, T. A., Provinzano, K., & Johnson, C. (2020). Investigating the impact of an urban community school effort on middle school STEM-related middle school outcomes over time through propensity score matched methods. School Science and Mathematics, 120(2), 90–103. doi:10.1111/ssm.12387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souto-Manning, M. (2010). Freire, teaching, and learning: Culture circles across contexts. Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Souto-Manning, M., Dernikos, B., & Yu, H. M. (2014). Rethinking normative literacy practices, behaviors, and interactions: Learning from young immigrant boys. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 14(2), 163–180. doi:10.1177/1476718x14548782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streiner, D. L., & Norman, G. R. (2012). The pros and cons of propensity scores. CHEST Journal, 142(6), 1380–1382. doi:10.1378/chest.12-1920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickland, D. S., & Alvermann, D. E. (2004). Bridging the literacy achievement gap, grades 4-12. Teachers College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Suárez-Orozco, C., Suárez-Orozco, M. M., & Todorova, I. (2008). Learning a new land: Immigrant students in American society. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, E., Wanzek, J., McCulley, L., Stillman-Spisak, S., Vaughn, S., Simmons, D., & Hairrell, A. (2016). Literacy and text reading in middle and high school social studies and English language arts classrooms. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 32(3), 199–222. doi:10.1080/10573569.2014.910718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symons, C., & Ponzio, C. (2019). Schools cannot do it alone: A community-based approach to refugee youth’s language development. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 33(1), 98–118. doi:10.1080/02568543.2018.1531450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Teale, W. H. (2009). Students learning english and their literacy instruction in urban schools. The Reading Teacher, 62(8), 699–703. doi:10.1598/rt.62.8.9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torgesen, J. K., Houston, D. D., Rissman, L. M., Decker, S. M., Roberts, G., Vaughn, S., … Lesaux, N. (2007). Academic literacy instruction for adolescents: A guidance document from the Center on Instruction. RMC Research Corporation, Center on Instruction.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Education (2004). Executive summary of the no child left behind act of 2001. https://www2.ed.gov/nclb/overview/intro/execsumm.html
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, D. (2000). The rise of mass literacy: Reading and writing in modern Europe. Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• West, M. R., & Schwerdt, G. (2012). The middle school plunge: Achievement tumbles when young students change schools. Education Next, 12(2), 62–68. https://www.educationnext.org/the-middle-school-plunge/
   Google Scholar
• Yates, D., Moore, D., & McCabe, G. (1999). The practice of statistics (1st ed.). W. H. Freeman.
   Google Scholar