Sexual Assault Disclosure by College Women at Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Predominantly White Institutions

References

• Abbey, A. (2002). Alcohol-related sexual assault: A common problem among college students. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Supplement, 14, 118–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abbey, A., Ross, L. T., McDuffie, D., & McAuslan, P. (1996). Alcohol and dating risk factors for sexual assault among college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 147–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrens, C. E., Cabral, G., & Abeling, S. (2009). Healing or hurtful: Sexual assault survivors’ interpretations of social reactions from support providers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33, 81–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, R. (2011, Apr 4). Dear colleague letter. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education: Office for Civil Rights. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201104.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Banyard, V., Plante, E. G., Cohn, E. S., Moorhead, C., Ward, S., & Walsh, W. (2005). Revisiting unwanted sexual experiences on campus: A 12-year follow-up. Violence Against Women, 11(4), 426–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrick, K., Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Moore, C., & Plummer, D. (2012). Factors associated with incidents of sexual assault among undergraduate women at historically black colleges and universities. Victims and Offenders, 7, 185–207.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, B., Gohm, C., & Gross, A. (2007). College women and sexual assault: The role of sex-related alcohol expectancies. Journal of Family Violence, 22, 341–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bent-Goodley, T., St. Vil, N., & Rodgers, S. (2012). Racism. In: J.L. Postmus (Ed.), Sexual Violence and Abuse: An Encyclopedia of Prevention, Impacts, and Recovery (pp. 445–447). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Boykins, A. D., Alvanzo, A. A. H., Carson, S., Forte, J., Leisey, M., & Plichta, S. B. (2010). Minority women victims of recent sexual violence: Disparities in incident history. Journal of Women’s Health, 19(3), 453–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A., & DeRicco, B. (2007). Lessons from a historically Black university: Elizabeth City State University. Catalyst, 8(3), 8–9.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, R., Ahrens, C. E., Sefl, T., Wasco, S. M., & Barnes, H. E. (2001). Social reactions to sexual assault victims: Healing and harmful effects on psychological and physical health outcomes. Violence & Victims, 16, 287–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Sexual violence: Prevention strategies. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/sexualviolence/prevention.html
   Google Scholar
• Clay-Warner, J., & Burt, C. H. (2003). Rape reporting after reforms: Have times really changed? Violence Against Women, 11(2), 150–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coker, A., Derrick, C., Lumpkin, J., Aldrich, T., & Oldendick, R. (2000). Help-seeking for intimate partner violence and forced sex in South Carolina. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 9(4), 316–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corley, C. (2014, September 29). HBCUs move to address campus sexual assaults, but is it enough? NPR News. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2014/09/29/351534164/hbcus-move-to-address-campus-sexual-assaults-but-is-it-enough
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, R., & Williams, M. (2002). Living at the intersection: The effects of racism and sexism on Black rape survivors. Women & Therapy, 25(3–4), 95–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuMont, J., Miller, K., & Myhr, T. (2003). The role of “real rape” and “real victim” stereotypes in the police reporting practices of sexually assaulted women. Violence Against Women, 9(4), 466–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, S. H. (2014). The devil is in the details: Will the Campus SaVE Act provide more or less protection to victims of campus assaults? Journal of College and University Law, 40(3), 444–466.
   Google Scholar
• Estrich, S. (1987). Real rape. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Felson, R., & Pare, P. (2005). Reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers to the police. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/209039.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Filipas, H., & Ullman, S. (2001). Social reactions to sexual assault victims from various support sources. Violence and Victims, 16(6), 673–692.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher, B. S., Cullen, F., & Turner, M. (2000). The sexual victimization of college women. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/182369.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. S., Daigle, L., & Cullen, F. (2010). Unsafe in the ivory tower: The sexual victimization of college women. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. S., Daigle, L., Cullen, F., & Turner, M. (2003). Reporting sexual victimization to the police and others: Results from a national-level study of college women. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 30(1), 6–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. S., Hartman, J., Cullen, F., & Turner, M. (2003). Making campuses safer for students: The Clery Act as a symbolic legal reform. Stetson Law Review, 32, 61–90.
   Google Scholar
• Gidycz, C., Coble, C., Latham, L., & Layman, M. (1993). Sexual assault experience in adulthood and prior victimization experiences: A prospective analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 17, 151–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, L., Dutton, M. A., Weinfurt, K., & Cook, S. (2003). The intimate partner violence strategies index: Development and application. Violence Against Women, 9(2), 163–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D., & Tolan, P. (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 439–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, N. M., Lynch, S. M., Fritch, A. M., McArthur, L. N., & Smith, S. L. (2011). Rape myth acceptance in incarcerated women's narratives of disclosure and reporting of rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(4), 596–610.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, N., Lynch, S., Fritch, A., & Wong, M. (2013). Rape myth acceptance impacts the reporting of rape to police: A study of incarcerated women. Violence Against Women, 19(9), 1065–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques-Tiura, A., Tkatch, R., Abbey, A., & Wegner, R. (2010). Disclosure of sexual assault: Characteristics and implications for posttraumatic stress symptoms among African American and Caucasian survivors. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11, 174–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn, A., Jackson, J., Kully, C., Badger, K., & Halvorsen, J. (2003). Calling it rape: Differences in experiences of women who do or do not label their sexual assault as rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 233–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalof, L. (2000). Ethnic differences in female sexual victimization. Sexuality and Culture, 4(4), 75–97.
   Google Scholar
• Kapner, D. (2008). Alcohol and other drug use at Historically Black Colleges & Universities. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse and Violence Prevention. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED537617.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Karaca-Mandic, P., Norton, E., & Dowd, B. (2012). Interaction terms in nonlinear models. Health Services Research, 47(1), 255–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karjane, H., Fisher, B., & Cullen, F. (2005). Sexual assault on campus: What colleges and universities are doing about it. NIJ Research for Practice, Dec 2005. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/205521.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H., Ruggiero, K., Conoscenti, M., & McCauley, J. (2007). Drug-facilitated, incapacitated and forcible rape: A national study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice Grant Report (Grant #2005-WG-BX-0006). Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/219181.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Koss, M. P. (1988). Hidden rape: Sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of students in higher education. In A. W. Burgess (Ed.), Rape and sexual assault II (pp. 3–25). New York, NY: Garland.
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, C., Lindquist, C., & Barrick, K. (2011a). The historically Black college and university campus sexual assault study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice Grant Report (Grant #2007-WG-BX-0021). Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/233614.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, C., Lindquist, C., Warner, T., Fisher, B., & Martin, S. (2007). The campus sexual assault study. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice Grant Report (Grant #2007-WG-BX-0010). Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/221153.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, C. P., Barrick, K., Lindquist, C. H., Crosby, C. M., Boyd, C., & Bogan, Y. (2011b). The sexual assault of undergraduate women at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(18), 3640–3666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauritsen, J. (2010). Advances and challenges in empirical studies of victimization. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26, 501–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, B., Goodman, L., Tummala-Narra, P., & Weintraub, S. (2005). A theoretical framework for understanding help-seeking processes among survivors of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1–2), 71–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindquist, C., Barrick, K., Krebs, C., Crosby, C., Lockard, A., & Sanders, K. (2013). The context and consequences of sexual assault among undergraduate women at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(12), 2437–2461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisak, D., & Miller, P. (2002). Repeat rape and multiple offending among undetected rapists. Violence & Victims, 17(1), 73–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littleton, H. L. (2010). The impact of social support and negative disclosure reactions on sexual assault victims: A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11(2), 210–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littleton, H. L., Axsom, D., & Grills-Taquechel, A. (2009). Sexual assault victims’acknowledgement status and revictimization risk. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(1), 34–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi, K. (2010). Sex crimes on campus: Yearlong investigation finds failure of the justice system. Investigative Reporters and Editors, Inc.: The IRE Journal, 33(3), 23–25.
   Google Scholar
• Long, L., & Ullman, S. E. (2013). The impact of multiple traumatic victimization on disclosure and coping mechanisms for Black women. Feminist Criminology, 8(4), 295–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair, L., & Neville, H. (1996). African American women survivors of sexual assault: The intersection of race and class. Women & Therapy, 18(3–4), 107–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, A., Canales, E., Amacker, A., Backstrom, T., & Gidycz, C. (2011). Stigma-threat motivated nondisclosure of sexual assault and sexual revictimization: A prospective analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(1), 119–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohler-Kuo, M., Dowdall, G.W., Koss, M. & Wechsler, H. (2004). Correlates of rape while intoxicated in a national sample of college women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(1), 37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville, H., & Pugh, A. (1997). General and culture-specific factors influencing African American women’s reporting patterns and perceived social support following sexual assault. Violence Against Women, 3(4), 361–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orchowski, L. M., & Gidycz, C. A. (2012). To whom do college women confide following sexual assault? A prospective study of predictors of sexual assault disclosure and social reactions. Violence Against Women, 18(3), 264–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orchowski, L. M., Untied, A. S., & Gidycz, C. A. (2013). Social reactions to disclosure of sexual victimization and adjustment among survivors of sexual assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(10), 2005–2023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, J. E., & Alda, E. (2016). Examining the impact of federal grants to reduce violent crimes against women on campus. The Review of Higher Education, 40(1), 63–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, L., Zinzow, H., McCauley, J., Kilpatrick, D., & Resnick, H. (2014). Does encouragement by others increase rape reporting? Findings from a national sample of women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(2), 222–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter-Hagene, L., & Ullman, S. E. (2014). Social reactions to sexual assault disclosure and problem drinking: Mediating effects of perceived control and PTSD. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(8), 1418–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postsecondary National Policy Institute. (2015). Historically Black colleges and universities: A background primer. Retrieved from https://www.newamerica.org/postsecondary-national-policy-institute/historically-Black-colleges-and-universities-hbcus/
   Google Scholar
• Relyea, M., & Ullman, S. E. (2013). Unsupported or turned against: Understanding how two types of negative social reactions to sexual assault related to postassault outcomes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(1), 37–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero, K. J., Smith, D. W., Hanson, R. F., Resnick, H. S., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Best, C. L. (2004). Is disclosure of childhood rape associated with mental health outcome? Results from the National Women’s Study. Child Maltreatment, 9, 62–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabina, C., & Ho, L. (2014). Campus and college victim responses to sexual assault and dating violence: Disclosure, service utilization and service provision. Trauma, Violence and Abuse, 15(3), 201–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sable, M., Danis, F., Mauzy, D., & Gallagher, S. (2006). Barriers to reporting sexual assault for women and men: Perspectives of college students. Journal of American College Health, 55(3), 157–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAFER (Students Active For Ending Rape). (2013). Making the grade? Findings from the campus accountability project on sexual assault policies. A report from Students Active For Ending Rape (SAFER) and V-Day. Retrieved from http://www.safercampus.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2013-Campus-Accountability-Project-Full-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sanders Thompson, V. L., & West, S. D. (1992). Attitudes of African-American adults toward treatment in cases of rape. Community Mental Health Journal, 28(6), 531–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, J. (2010). Seeking justice for campus rapes: An NPR News Investigation. Washington, DC: National Public Radio. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/series/124073905/seeking-justicefor-campus-rapes
   Google Scholar
• Sommerville, D. (2004). Rape and race in the nineteenth-century South. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Starzynski, L., Ullman, S. E., Filipas, H. H., & Townsend, S. M. (2005). Correlates of women’s sexual assault disclosure to informal and formal sources. Violence & Victims, 20(4), 417–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tillman, S., Bryant-Davis, T., Smith, K., & Marks, A. (2010). Shattering silence: Exploring barriers to disclosure for African American sexual assault survivors. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 11(2), 59–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, A. (2013). Measurement of alcohol use at Historically Black College/University (HBCU). (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
   Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E. (1996). Correlates and consequences of adult sexual assault disclosure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 11(4), 554–571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E., & Filipas, H. H. (2001). Correlates of formal and informal support seeking in sexual assault victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(10), 1028–1047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullman, S. E., Ming Foynes, M., & Shin Shin, T. S. (2010). Benefits and barriers to disclosing sexual trauma: A contextual approach. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11(2), 127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Senate. (2014, July 9). Sexual violence on campus: How too many institutions of higher education are failing to protect students. A report prepared by the U.S. Senate subcommittee on financial and contracting oversight—Majority staff. Washington, DC: Office of Senator Claire McCaskill.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, W., Banyard, V., Moynihan, M., Ward, S., & Cohn, E. (2010). Disclosure and service use on a college campus after an unwanted sexual experience. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 11, 134–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington, P. A. (2001). Disclosure patterns of Black female sexual assault survivors. Violence Against Women, 7(11), 1254–1283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, L. B., Marszalek, J. M., Dispenza, F., & Davids, C. M. (2015). Understanding the relationships among White and African American women’s sexual objectification experiences, physical safety anxiety and psychological distress. Sex Roles, 72, 91–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, H., Lee, J., Gledhill-Hoyt, J., & Nelson, T. (2001). Alcohol use and problems at colleges banning alcohol: Results of a national survey. Journal of Alcohol Studies, 62, 133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, C., & Johnson, K. (2013). Sexual violence in the lives of African-American women. VAWnet.org Applied Research paper. Retrieved from http://www.vawnet.org/research/summary.php?doc_id=578&find_type=web_desc_AR.
   Google Scholar
• White House. (2014a). Checklist for campus sexual misconduct policies. Retrieved from https://www.notalone.gov/assets/checklist-for-campus-sexual-misconduct-policies.pdf
   Google Scholar
• White House. (2014b). Not alone: The first report of the White House task force to protect students from sexual assault. Retrieved from https://www.notalone.gov/assets/report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. (2012). Using the margins command to estimate and interpret adjusted predictions and marginal effects. The Stata Journal, 12(2), 308–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WMDT. (2015 May 8). New Maryland law aims to tackle college campus sexual assaults. Retrieved from http://www.wmdt.com/news/more-local-news/New-Maryland-law-aims-to-tackle-college-campus-sexual-assaults/32898366
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt, G. (1992). The sociocultural context of African American and White American women’s rape. Journal of Social Issues, 48(1), 77–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinzow, H. M., & Thompson, M. (2011). Barriers to reporting sexual victimization: Prevalence and correlates among undergraduate women. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &Trauma, 20, 711–725.
   Google Scholar