A Comparison of Equine-Assisted Intervention and Conventional Play-Based Early Intervention for Mother–Child Dyads with Insecure Attachment

References

• Achenbach, T. M. (2000). Child Behavior Checklist 1½ - 5 – Deutsche Fassung. Elternfragebogen für Klein- und Vorschulkinder. Göttingen:Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Oxford: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J, Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2),195–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkmann, C., & Schulte-Markwort, M. (2012). Prevalence of emotional and behavioural disorders in German children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(3), 194–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bass, M. M., Duchowny, C. A., & Llabre, M. M. (2009). The effect of therapeutic horseback riding on social functioning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(9), 1261–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beetz, A., Gaas, K., Beckmann, M., & Goecke, T. (2013). Der Einfluss mütterlicher Bindung und postpartaler Depressivität auf Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten des Kindes bis zum 18. Lebensmonat. Empirische Sonderpädagogik, 4, 300–314.
   Google Scholar
• Beetz, A., Julius, H., Turner, D., & Kotrschal, K. (2012). Effects of social support by a dog on stress modulation in male children with insecure attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, (Educational Psychology); doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00352
   Google Scholar
• Beetz, A., Uvnas-Moberg, K., Julius, H., & Kotrschal, K. (2012). Psychosocial and psychophysiological effects of human-animal interactions: the possible role of oxytocin. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 350–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. London: Hogarth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation, anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 371–399. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health Report (2006.) Estimating the prevalence of early childhood serious emotional/behavioral disorders: challenges and recommendations. May-Jun;121(3):303–310.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships. (pp. 46–76). New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Buelow, S. A., Lyddon, W. J., & Johnson, J. T. (2002). Client attachment and coping resources. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 15(2), 145–152.
   Google Scholar
• Bundesärztekammer (2012). Verläufe und Bedingungsfaktoren psychischer Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Präventionstagung der Bundesärztekammer: Psychische Belastungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen – Gesellschaftlich verursacht? Ärztlich behandelbar?
   Google Scholar
• Clark, K. E., & Ladd, G. W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent-child relationships: Links to children’s socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 36(4), 485–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colin, V. L. (1996). Human attachment. New York & London: Mcgraw-Hill Book Company.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D.T. (1979). Quasi experimentation: Design and analytical issues for field settings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
   Google Scholar
• Costello, E.J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 1015–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curley, J. P., & Keverne, E. B. (2005). Genes, brains and mammalian social bonds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 561–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Child Care Research Network (2006). Infant-mother attachment classification: Risk and protection in relation to changing maternal caregiving quality. Developmental Psychology, 42(1), 38–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, M. F., & Egeland, B. (2004). Linking theory and research to practice: The Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and the STEEP[sup]TM[/sup] program. Clinical Psychologist, 8(1), 5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1–2), 147–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, A. (2006). Handbook of animal-assisted therapy (2nd edition). San Diego, CA: Academic Press/Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 132–154.
   Google Scholar
• Fraley, R. C., & Spieker, S. J. (2003). Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? A taxometric analysis of strange situation behavior. Developmental Psychology, 39, 387–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1996). The Adult Attachment Interview. Berkeley: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• George, C., & West, M. (2004). The Adult Attachment Projective: Measuring individual differences in attachment security using projective methodology. In M. J. Hilsenroth & D. L. Segal (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment, Vol. 2: Personality assessment. (pp. 431–447). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• George, C. & West, M. (2012). The Adult Attachment Projective Picture system. New York & London: The Guildford Press.
   Google Scholar
• George, C., West, M., & Pettem, O. (1997). Adult Attachment Projective. Protocol and classification scoring system. Unpublished Manual. Contact: Dr. Carol George, Mills College, Oakland, CA, USA: http://[email protected]; www.attachmentprojective.com
   Google Scholar
• Gohler, I., & Ohms, U. (1974). Riding: A therapeutic possibility for neuropsychiatry in childhood? Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie, 26(4), 248–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goossens, F. A., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Tavecchio, L. W., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1986). Stability of attachment across time and context in a Dutch sample. Psychological Reports, 58(1), 23–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, Y. P., Heim, C., Goodman, S. H., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1999). The effects of neonatal stress on brain development: Implications for psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11(3), 545–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, A. C., & Capella U. (2009). The effects of therapeutic horseback riding with autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 1261–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handlin, L., Hydbring-Sandberg, E., Nilsson, A., Ejdebäck, M., Jansson, A., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2011). Short-term interaction between dogs and their owners: Effects on oxytocin, cortisol, insulin and heart rate—An exploratory study. Anthrozoös, 24(3), 301–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handlin, L., Nilsson, A., Ejdebäck, M., Hydbring-Sandberg, E. & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2012). Associations between the psychological characteristics of the human-dog relationship and oxytocin and cortisol levels. Anthrozoös, 25(2), 215–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan, C. & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan, C., & Zeifman, D. (1999). Pair bonds as attachments: Evaluating the evidence. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver ( Eds), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical application (pp.436–455). New York: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hinde, R., & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1991). Perspectives on attachment. In C. Parkes & P. Maris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 5–65). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hofer, T., Hohenberger, A., Hauf, P., & Aschersleben, G. (2008). The link between maternal interaction style and infant action understanding. Infant Behavior & Development, 31(1), 115–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ihle, W., & Esser, G. (2002). Epidemiologie psychischer Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Prävalenz, Verlauf, Komorbidität und Geschlechtsunterschiede. Psychologische Rundschau, 53(4), 159–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IAHAIO (International Association of Human-Animal Interaction Organizations). White Paper “Definitions for Animal Assisted Intervention and Guidelines for Wellness of Animals Involved”. http://www.iahaio.org
   Google Scholar
• Julius, H., Beetz, A., Kotrschal, K.,Turner, D., & Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2012). Attachment to pets. New York: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Kermoian, R., & Liderman, P. (1986). Infant attachment to mother and hild caretaker in an East African community. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9, 455–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobak, R, Cassidy, J., Lyons-Ruth, K., & Ziv, Y. (2006). Attachment, stress, and psychopathology: A developmental pathways model. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol 1: Theory and method (2nd ed.). (pp. 333–369). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435(7042), 673–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunce, L. J., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). An attachment-theoretical approach to caregiving in romantic relationships. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Attachment processes in adulthood (pp. 205–237). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Künster, A. K., Fegert, J. M., & Ziegenhain, U. (2010). Assessing parent-child interaction in the preschool years: A pilot study on the psychometric properties of the Toddler CARE-Index. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15(3), 379–389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LIGA - Landesinstitut für Gesundheit und Arbeit des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (2010). Seelische Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Nordrhein-Westfalen.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24(3), 415–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121–160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mason, M. A. (2004). Effects of therapeutic horseback riding in children with autism. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 65(12–A). 4505.
   Google Scholar
• Marvin, R. Cooper, G., Hoffman, K. & Powell, B. (2002). The Circle of Secrity project: Attachment-based intervention with caregiver-preschool child dyads. Attachment & Human Development, 4(1), 107–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller, S. C., Kennedy, C., DeVoe, D., Hickey, M., Nelson, T,. & Kogan, L. (2009). An examination of changes in oxytocin levels in men and women before and after interaction with a bonded dog. Anthrozoös, 22(1), 32–42.
   Google Scholar
• National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS–A) (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(10), 980–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, L. K., Harris, M., & Allen, J. (2011). Neurobiological basis of parenting disturbance. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(2), 109–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, L. (2012). Getting in early: Identification of risk in early childhood. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46(8), 697–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwokah, E., Hsu, H.-C., & Gulker, H. (2013). The use of play materials in early intervention. American Journal of Play, 5 (2), 187–218.
   Google Scholar
• Papoušek, M., & de Chuquisengo, R. W. (2006). Integrative kommunikationszentrierte ElternKleinkind-Psychotherapie bei frühkindlichen Regulationsstörungen [Integrative parent-infant psychotherapy for early regulatory and relationship disorders]. Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, 55(4), 235–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parish-Plass, N. (2008). Animal-assisted therapy with children suffering from insecure attachment due to abuse and neglect: A method to lower the risk of intergenerational transmission of abuse? Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13(1), 7–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PATH International —The Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International (2012). What is PATH Intl.? Retrieved from http://www.pathintl.org/about-pathintl/about-path-intl
   Google Scholar
• Pilchak, H. L. (2008). Mental health benefits of therapeutic riding programs. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Toronto (Canada), Ann Arbor.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, D. R. (1993). Inside home visiting programs The Future of Children, 3, 23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Ruffo, E. A. (2006). Insecure attachment and parenting: A model therapeutic program for the treatment of insecurely attached adults. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering,67(6–B), 3465.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, J., & George, C. (1996). Defining the caregiving system: Toward a theory of caregiving. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17(3), 183–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, J., & George, C. (1999). Attachment disorganization. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Steele, H., Steele, M., & Croft, C. (2008). Early attachment predicts emotion recognition at 6 and 11 years old. Attachment and Human Development, 10(4),379–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathearn, L. (2011). Maternal neglect: Oxytocin, dopamine and the neurobiology of attachment. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23(11), 1054–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Parent-Child Home Program (2012). The Parent-Child Home Program. http://www.parent-child.org.
   Google Scholar
• Uvnäs-Moberg, K. (2005). The oxytocin factor: Tapping the hormone of calm, love, and healing. Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1990). Cross-cultural consistency of coding the strange situation. Infant Behavior & Development, 13(4), 469–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, P. G., & Mertin, P. G. (1994). The training of pets as therapy dogs in a women’s prison: A pilot study. Anthrozoös, 7(2), 124–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler, N., & Beelmann, A. (2013). Der Einfluss pferdgestützter Therapie auf psychische Parameter - Eine quantitative Zusammenfassung des Forschungsstands [Effects of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies on Psychological Functions in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis]. Mensch und Pferd international, 5(1), 4–16.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, S. L., Huston, L., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(5), 637–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A 20-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71, 684–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingate, L. (1982). Feasibility of horseback riding as a therapeutic and integrative program for handicapped children. Physical Therapy, 62(2), 184–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohlfarth, R. Mutschler, B., Beetz, A., Kreuser, F., & Korsten-Reck, U. (2013). Dogs motivate obese children for physical activity: Key elements of a motivational theory of animal- assisted interventions. Frontiers in Movement Science and Sport Psychology Frontiers in Psychology, 4 (796).
   Google Scholar
• Yorke, J., Adams, C. & Coady, N. (2008). Therapeutic value of equine-human bonding in recovery from trauma. Anthrozoös, 21(1), 17–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar