A quantitative study on the relationship between grasp and handwriting legibility: does grasp really matter?

References

• Almeida, P. H. T. Q. D., Cruz, D. M. C. D., Magna, L. A., & Ferrigno, I. S. V. (2013). An electromyographic analysis of two handwriting grasp patterns. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(4), 838–843. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amundson, S., & Schneck, C. M. (2010). Prewriting and handwriting skills. In J. Case-Smith (Ed.), Occupational therapy for children (6th ed., pp. 555–582). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier/Mosby.
   Google Scholar
• Asher, A. (2006). Handwriting instruction in elementary schools. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60(4), 461–471. doi:10.5014/ajot.60.4.461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athenes, S., Sallagoity, I., Zanone, P., & Albaret, J. (2004). Evaluating the coordination dynamics of handwriting. Human Movement Science, 23, 621–641. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2004.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benbow, M. (2006). Principles and practice of teaching handwriting. In A. Henderson & C. Pehoski (Eds.), Hand function in the child: Foundations for remediation (2nd ed., pp. 321–344). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann, K. (1990). Incidence of atypical pencil grasps among nondysfunctional adults. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44, 736–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, A. W., & Dancisak, M. J. (2000). Grip form and graphomotor control in preschool children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 54(1), 9–17. doi:10.5014/ajot.54.1.9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, C. (2007, November 14). Is this the end of cursive writing? Christian Science Monitor, 99(244), 13–15.
   Google Scholar
• Dennis, J. L., & Swinth, Y. (2001). Pencil grasp and children’s handwriting legibility during different-length writing tasks. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, 175–183. doi:10.5014/ajot.55.2.175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinehart, L. H. (2015). Handwriting in early childhood education: Current research and future implications. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 15(1), 97–118. doi:10.1177/1468798414522825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donica, D. K., Larson, M. H., & Zinn, A. A. (2012). Survey of handwriting instruction practices of elementary teachers and educational programs: Implications for occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 26(2–3), 120–137. doi:10.3109/07380577.2012.693244
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards, S. J., Gallen, D. B., McCoy-Powlen, J. D., & Suarez, M. A. (2018). Grasps for handwriting. In S. J. Edwards, D. B. Gallen, J. D. McCoy-Powlen, & M. A. Suarez (Eds.), Hand grasps and manipulation skills: Clinical perspective of development and function (2nd ed.). Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Erhardt, R. P. (1984). Erhardt developmental prehension assessment. Laurel, MD: RAMSCO.
   Google Scholar
• Erhardt, R. P. (1994). Developmental hand dysfunction: Theory, assessment, and treatment (2nd ed.). Tucson, AZ: Therapy Skill Builders.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, T. H., Tam, C., Schwellnus, H., & Chau, T. (2010). Grip force variability and its effects on children’s handwriting legibility, form, and strokes. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 132(11), 114504-1–114504-5. doi:10.1115/1.4002611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder, K., & Majnemer, A. (2007). Handwriting development, competency, and intervention. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(4), 312–317. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feder, K. P., Majnemer, A., & Synnes, A. (2000). Handwriting: Current trends in occupational therapy practice. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 197–204. doi:10.1177/000841740006700313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham, S., Berninger, V., Weintraub, N., & Schafer, W. (1998). Development of handwriting speed and legibility in grades 1-9. The Journal of Educational Research, 92(1), 42–52. doi:10.1080/00220679809597574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, S., Harris, K. R., Mason, L., Fink-Chorzempa, B., Moran, S., & Saddler, B. (2008). How do primary grade teachers teach handwriting? A national survey. Reading and Writing, 21(1), 49–69. doi:10.1007/s11145-007-9064-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy, M. M. P., Egan, M. Y., & Feder, K. P. (2011). A systematic review of interventions to improve handwriting. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(1), 13–25. doi:10.2182/cjot.2011.78.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koziatek, S. M., & Powell, N. J. (2003). Pencil grips, legibility, and speed of fourth-graders’ writing in cursive. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57(3), 284–288. doi:10.5014/ajot.57.3.284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latio, G. W. (2009). Examination of factors that influence computer technology use for classroom instruction by teachers in Ohio public high schools (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ohio University College of Education, Columbus, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Milone, M. (2007). Test of Handwriting Skills–Revised. Novato, CA: Academic Therapy Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, J. Z., & Knapton, E. F. 2006. The Print Tool. Cabin John, MD: Jan Z. Olsen. Retrieved from www.hwtears.com
   Google Scholar
• Overvelde, A., & Hulstijn, W. (2011). Handwriting development in grade 2 and grade 3 primary school children with normal, at risk, or dysgraphic characteristics. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 32(2), 540–548. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.12.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, P., & Schwellnus, H. (1999). Occupational therapy decision-making guidelines for problems in written productivity. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 19(1), 5–27. doi:10.1300/J006v19n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblum, S., Dvorkin, A. Y., & Weiss, P. L. (2006). Automatic segmentation as a tool for examining the handwriting process of children with dysgraphic and proficient handwriting. Human Movement Science, 25(4), 608–621. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2006.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneck, C. M. (1989). Developmental change in the use of writing tools in normal 3.6 to 6.0 year old children. Unpublished dissertation. Boston University, Boston, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Schneck, C. M., & Henderson, A. (1990). Descriptive analysis of the developmental progression of grip position for pencil and crayon control in nondysfunctional children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44, 893–900. doi:10.5014/ajot.44.10.893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwellnus, H., Carnahan, H., Kushki, A., Polatajko, H., Missiuna, C., & Chau, T. (2013). Writing forces associated with four pencil grasp patterns in grade 4 children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(2), 218–227. doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.005538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, L. J., & Gladson, B. L. (2015). The relationship of pencil grasp on college students’ handwriting speed and legibility. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 8(2), 180–191. doi:10.1080/19411243.2015.1040673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soechting, J. F., & Flanders, M. (2008). Sensorimotor control of contact force. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(6), 565–572. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2008.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, A. C. (2008). The effects of typical and atypical grasps on endurance and fatigue in handwriting (Order No. 1462906). Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304326567). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.jproxy.lib.ecu.edu/docview/304326567?accountid=10639
   Google Scholar
• Tseng, M. H. (1998). Development of pencil grip position in preschool children. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 18(4), 207–224. doi:10.1177/153944929801800406
   Google Scholar
• Tseng, M. H., & Cermak, S. A. (1993). The influence of ergonomic factors and perceptual-motor abilities on handwriting performance. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 47, 919–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziviani, J. (1983). Qualitative changes in dynamic tripod grip between seven and 14 years of age. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 25(6), 778–782. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1983.tb13846.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar