The effects of pornography on sexual minority men’s body image: an experimental study

References

• Agliata, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004). The impact of media exposure on males’ body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 7–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlett, C. P., Vowels, C. L., & Saucier, D. A. (2008). Meta-analyses of the effects of media images on men’s body-image concerns. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(3), 279–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton, M., Yeatts, P. E., Henson, R. K., & Martin, S. B. (2016). Moving beyond univariate post-hoc testing in exercise science: A primer on descriptive discriminate analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(4), 365–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, C. (2015). ‘Cocked, locked, and ready to fuck?’ A synthesis and review of the gay male pornography literature. Psychology & Sexuality, 6(1), 5–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boaz, D. (2016, August 12). Porn is not a ‘public health crisis’. The Hill. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/politics/287295-porn-is-not-a-public-health-crisis
   Google Scholar
• Carper, T. L. M., Negy, C., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2010). Relations among media influence, body image, eating concerns, and sexual orientation in men: A preliminary investigation. Body Image, 7(4), 301–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranney, S. (2015). Internet pornography use and sexual body image in a Dutch sample. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 316–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derbyshire, K. L., & Grant, J. E. (2015). Compulsive sexual behavior: A review of the literature. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing, M. J., Schrimshaw, E. W., Scheinmann, R., Antebi-Gruszka, N., & Hirshfield, S. (2017). Sexually explicit media use by sexual identity: A comparative analysis of gay, bisexual, and heterosexual men in the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1763–1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, S., & McCreary, D. R. (2004). Body image, eating disorders, and the drive for muscularity in gay and heterosexual men: The influence of media images. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(3/4), 45–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escoffier, J. (2003). Gay-for-pay: Straight men and the making of gay pornography. Qualitative Sociology, 26, 531–555.
   Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick, D. A., & Essayli, J. H. (2016). Male body image: The roles of sexual orientation and body mass index across five national U.S. studies. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17(4), 336–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, V. (2016, December 29). Virginia lawmaker proposes bill to declare porn a ‘public health hazard.’ WTVR CBS 6. Retrieved from https://wtvr.com/2016/12/29/virginia-lawmaker-proposes-bill-to-declare-porn-a-public-health-hazard/
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 172–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hald, G. M., Træen, B., Noor, S. W., Iantaffi, A., Galos, D., & Rosser, B. R. (2015). Does sexually explicit media (SEM) affect me? Assessing first-person effects of SEM consumption among Norwegian men who have sex with men. Psychology & Sexuality, 6(1), 59–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, E. A., Leary, M. R., & Rejeski, W. J. (1989). The measurement of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 94–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbenick, D., Reece, M., Schick, V., & Sanders, S. A. (2014). Erect penile length and circumference dimensions of 1,661 sexually active men in the United States. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(1), 93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbenick, D., Schick, V., Reece, M., Sanders, S. A., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2013). The development and validation of the male genital self‐image scale: Results from a nationally representative probability sample of men in the United States. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(6), 1516–1525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendrick, T. (2017, March 22). Porn declared public health crisis by lawmakers. NBC KARK 4. Retrieved from https://www.kark.com/news/local-news/porn-declared-public-health-crisis-by-lawmakers/678431635
   Google Scholar
• Kvalem, I. L., Træen, B., & Iantaffi, A. (2016). Internet pornography use, body ideals, and sexual self-esteem in Norwegian gay and bisexual men. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(4), 522–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvalem, I. L., Træen, B., Lewin, B., & Štulhofer, A. (2014). Self-perceived effects of internet pornography use, genital appearance satisfaction, and sexual self-esteem among young Scandinavian adults. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(4), article 4.
   Google Scholar
• Leit, R. A., Gray, J. J., & Pope, H. G. (2002). The media’s representation of the ideal male body: A cause for muscle dysmorphia? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(3), 334–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque, M. J., & Vichesky, D. R. (2006). Raising the bar on the body beautiful: An analysis of the body image concerns of homosexual men. Body Image, 3(1), 45–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lottes, I., Weinberg, M., & Weller, I. (1993). Reactions to pornography on a college campus: For or against? Sex Roles, 29(1–2), 69–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malamuth, N. M., Addison, T., & Koss, M. (2000). Pornography and sexual aggression: Are there reliable effects and can we understand them? Annual Review of Sex Research, 11, 26–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin, K. A., Rejeski, W. J., Leary, M. R., McAuley, E., & Bane, S. (1997). Is the social physique anxiety scale really multidimensional? Conceptual and statistical arguments for a unidimensional model. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 359–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins, Y., Tiggemann, M., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Those speedos become them: The role of self-objectification in gay and heterosexual men’s body image. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 634–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, A., Albury, K., & Lumby, C. (2008). The porn report. Melbourne, Australia: University of Melbourne Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, M. A., Morrison, T. G., & Sager, C.-L. (2004). Does body satisfaction differ between gay men and lesbian women and heterosexual men and women? A meta-analytic review. Body Image, 1(2), 127–138.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison, T. G. (2004a). Eclectic views on gay male pornography: Pornucopia. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(3–4), 1–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. G. (2004b). “He was treating me like trash, and I was loving it … ” Perspectives on gay male pornography. Journal of Homosexuality, 47(3–4), 167–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. G., Ellis, S. R., Morrison, M. A., Bearden, A., & Harriman, R. L. (2006). Exposure to sexually explicit material and variations in body esteem, genital attitudes, and sexual esteem among a sample of Canadian men. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 14(2), 209–222.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. G., Harriman, R., Morrison, M. A., Bearden, A., & Ellis, S. R. (2004). Correlates of exposure to sexually explicit material among Canadian post-secondary students. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 13(3–4), 143–156. doi: 10.3149/jms.1402.209
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., & Bradley, B. A. (2007). Correlates of gay men’s self-reported exposure to pornography. International Journal of Sexual Health, 19(2), 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, T. G., Morrison, M. A., Hopkins, C., & Rowan, E. T. (2004). Muscle mania: Development of a new scale examining the drive for muscularity in Canadian males. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(1), 30–39. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.1.30
   Google Scholar
• Mulgrew, K. E., & Volcevski-Kostas, D. (2012). Short term exposure to attractive and muscular singers in music video clips negatively affects men’s body image and mood. Body Image, 9(4), 543–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Decency Coalition (n.d.). Pornography: A public health crisis resolution. https://nationaldecencycoalition.org/updates/
   Google Scholar
• Peplau, L. A., Frederick, D. A., Yee, C., Maisel, N., Lever, J., & Ghavami, N. (2009). Body image satisfaction in heterosexual, gay, and lesbian adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 713–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, E. M., Morrison, T., McDermott, D. T., Bishop, C., & Kiss, M. (2014). Age is in the eye of the beholder: Examining the cues employed to construct the illusion of youth in teen pornography. Sexuality & Culture, 18(3), 527–546.
   Google Scholar
• Pornhub’s 2015 Year in Review. (2016). http://www.pornhub.com/insights/pornhub-2015-year-in-review
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, T. A., Morrison, T. G., Roddy, S., & McCutcheon, J. (2011). Psychometric properties of the revised male body attitudes scale among irish men. Body Image, 8(1), 64–69. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J. P. (2009). Gay men and body image: Social comparisons, blame, and stigma (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from PsycINFO (Order No. AAI3383170).
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, R., & Webber, V. (2017, November 1). Porn not to blame for public health issues. National Post. Retrieved from https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/porn-not-to-blame-for-public-health-issues
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, J. A. (2000). Gay male video pornography: Past, present, and future. In R. Weitzer (Ed.), Sex for sale: Prostitution, pornography, and the sex industry (pp. 49–66). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Træen, B., & Daneback, K. (2013). The use of pornography and sexual behaviour among Norwegian men and women of differing sexual orientation. Sexologies: European Journal of Sexology and Sexual Health, 22(2), 41–48.
   Google Scholar
• Tylka, T. L. (2015). No harm in looking, right? Men’s pornography consumption, body image, and well-being. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(1), 97–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013). Sexualization of adolescent boys: Media exposure and boys’ internalization of appearance ideals, self-objectification, and body surveillance. Men and Masculinities, 16(3), 283–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltman, S. (2017, January 25). South Dakota senate: Porn a public health crisis. Aberdeen News. Retrieved from http://www.aberdeennews.com/
   Google Scholar
• Whitfield, T. H. F., Rendina, H. J., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. T. (2018). Viewing sexually explicit media and its association with mental health among gay and bisexual men across the U.S. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(4), 1163–1172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women and Equalities Committee (2018). Sexual harassment of women and girls in public places. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmwomeq/701/70102.htm
   Google Scholar
• Wu, W., & Koo, S. H. (2001). Perceived effects of sexually explicit internet content: The third-person effect in Singapore. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 78, 260–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar