Out, proud, and resilient: effects of sexual identity labels on perceptions of sexual minorities

References

• Adams, J., Braun, V., & McCreanor, T. (2014). Aren’t labels for pickle jars, not people?” Negotiating identity and community in talk about ‘being gay. American Journal of Men’s Health, 8(6), 457–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988313518800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, M., Richards, C., Jones, R., Bowes-Catton, H., Plowman, T., Yockney, J., & Morgan, M. (2012). The bisexuality report: Bisexual inclusion in LGBT equality and diversity. Centre for citizenship, identity and governance. The Open University.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, F. (2014). Discrimination against LGBT people triggers health concerns. The Lancet, 383(9916), 500–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60169-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, V. (2016). Wearing a gay slogan t-shirt in the higher education classroom: A cautionary tale. Feminism & Psychology, 26(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353515613812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2009). Burden of psychiatric morbidity among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in the California quality of life survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, B., Herbenick, D., Friedman, M. R., Schick, V., Fu, T. J., Bostwick, W., Bartelt, E., Munoz-Laboy, M., Pletta, D., Reece, M., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2016). Attitudes toward bisexual men and women among a nationally representative probability sample of adults in the United States. PLOS One, 11(10), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164430
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyar, C., & London, B. (2018). Longitudinal examination of a bisexual-specific minority stress process among bisexual cisgender women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 42(3), 342–360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684318768233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. R., Dodge, B., Schick, V., Herbenick, D., Hubach, R. D., Bowling, J., Goncalves, G., Krier, S., & Reece, M. (2014). From bias to bisexual health disparities: Attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. LGBT Health, 1(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garr-Schultz, A., & Gardner, W. (2019). “It’s just a phase”: Identity denial experiences, self-concept clarity, and emotional well-being in bisexual individuals. Self and Identity, 20(4), 528–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2019.1625435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger, W., Harwood, J., & Hummert, M. (2006). College students’ multiple stereotypes of lesbians: A cognitive perspective. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v51n03_08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, M., Brown, E., & Randle, A. (2019, June 30). ‘Out and proud’ couples express their love at the parade. The New York Times. Accessed https://www.nytimes.com/live/2019/nyc-gay-pride-parade/couples?searchResultPosition=13
   Google Scholar
• Grafsky, E. L. (2018). Deciding to come out to parents: Toward a model of sexual orientation disclosure decisions. Family Process, 57(3), 783–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016). Stigma and minority stress as social determinants of health among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: Research evidence and clinical implications. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(6), 985–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendren, A., & Blank, H. (2009). Prejudiced behavior toward lesbians and gay men: A field experiment on everyday helping. Social Psychology, 40(4), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335.40.4.234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M. (2002a). Gender gaps in public opinion about lesbians and gay men. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(1), 40–66. https://doi.org/10.1086/338409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M. (2002b). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. The Journal of Sex Research, 39(4), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P. A., & Christensen, H. (2002). Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 180(5), 423–427. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.5.423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanamori, Y., Pegors, T. K., Hulgus, J. F., & Cornelius-White, J. H. D. (2017). A comparison between self-identified evangelical Christians’ and nonreligious persons’ attitudes toward transgender persons. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000166
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, A., Wike, R., Bell, J., Horowitz, J. M., Simmons, K., Stokes, B., … Devlin, K. (2013). The global divide on homosexuality. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2013/06/04/the-global-divide-on-homosexuality/
   Google Scholar
• Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2011). The impact of minority stress and mental health and substance use among sexual minority women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lick, D. J., Durso, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minorities. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(5), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613497965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, T. E., Yung-Chi Chen, C., & Tryon, G. S. (2018). Bully victimization, depression, and the role of protective factors among college LGBTQ students. Journal of Community Psychology, 46(7), 871–884. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, M. A., & Morrison, T. G. (2011). Sexual orientation bias toward gay men and lesbian women: Modern homonegative attitudes and their association with discriminatory behavioral intentions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(11), 2573–2599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00838.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, A. T., & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward transgender people: Findings from a national probability sample of U.S. adults. Sex Roles, 68(11–12), 738–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-011-0110-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parent, M. C., Torrey, C., & Michaels, M. S. (2012). “HIV testing is so gay”: The role of masculine gender role conformity in HIV testing among men who have sex with men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(3), 465–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center (2013). A survey of LGBT Americans: Attitudes, experiences and values in changing times. LGBT in Changing Times.
   Google Scholar
• Pinsof, D., & Haselton, M. (2016). The political divide over same-sex marriage: Mating strategies in conflict? Psychological Science, 27(4), 435–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615621719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porta, C. M., Gower, A. L., Brown, C., Wood, B., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2020). Perceptions of sexual orientation and gender identity minority adolescents about labels. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 42(2), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945919838618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyna, C., Wetherell, G., Yantis, C., & Brandt, M. J. (2014). Attributions for sexual orientation vs. stereotypes: How beliefs about value violations account for attribution effects on anti-gay discrimination. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(4), 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. P., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Inequities in educational and psychological outcomes between LGBTQ and straight students in middle and high school. Educational Researcher, 40(7), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11422112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowniak, S. R. (2015). Factors related to homophobia among nursing students. Journal of Homosexuality, 62(9), 1228–1240. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1037135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffens, M. C., & Wagner, C. (2003). Attitudes toward lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men in Germany. The Journal of Sex Research, 41(2), 137–149. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3813648
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, A. (1983). Conceptions of masculinity and femininity as a basis for stereotypes of male and female homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 9(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v09n01_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tee, N., & Hegarty, P. (2006). Short research note: Predicting opposition to the civil rights of, trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilcsik, A. (2011). Pride and prejudice: Employment discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 117(2), 586–626. https://doi.org/10.1086/661653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang, E. (1994). Investigating the effect of race and apparent lesbianism upon helping behaviour. Feminism & Psychology, 4(3), 469–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353594043019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White Hughto, J. M., Reisner, S. L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2015). Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Social Science & Medicine, 147, 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley, B. E. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610802471104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthen, M. G. F. (2013). An argument for separate analyses of attitudes toward lesbian, gay, bisexual men, bisexual women, MtF and FtM transgender individuals. Sex Roles, 68(11–12), 703–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0155-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, Jr., L. W., Adams, H. E., & Bernat, J. (1999). Development and validation of the Homophobia Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21(4), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022172816258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zivony, A., & Lobel, T. (2014). The invisible stereotypes of bisexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(6), 1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0263-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar