Stem cells part of the innate and adaptive immune systems as a therapeutic for Covid-19

References

• Lal H, et al. Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. N. Eng. J. Med., 2015;372:2087–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seow J et al. Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans. Nature Microbiol. 2020;5: 1598–1607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen KS et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19: The most important research questions. Cell & Bioscience 10: Article no. 40.
   Google Scholar
• Tillett RL, et al. Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. The Lancet, 2021;21:52–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORC (2020) Many remain doubtful about getting Covid-19 vaccine. NORC at the University of Chicago, Dec. 9, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Simmonds P (2020) Rampant C-U hypermutation in the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. mSphere, 2020;24: e00408
   Google Scholar
• Lucas C et al (2020) Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe Covid-19. Nature, 584: 463–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadman M et al (2020) How does coronavirus kill? Science, April 17, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Broggi A et al. Type III interferons disrupt the lung epithelial barrier upon viral recognition. Science, 2020;369:706–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Sergin I, Evans TD, et al. High-protein diets increase cardiovascular risk by activating macrophage mTOR to suppress mitophagy. Nat Metab 2. 2020;2(1):110–125. 2020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Couzin-Frankel J (2020). The mystery of the pandemic's “happy hypoxia” Science 368: 455–466.
   Google Scholar
• Knoepler PS (2019) Rapid change of a cohort of 570 unproven stem cell clinics in the USA over 3 years, Future Medicine, 2019:0064.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson RC et al. Investigation of a cluster of Sphingomonas koreensis infections. N. Eng. J. Med. 2018;379: 2529–2539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nacoti M et al (2020) At the epicenter of the Covid-19 pandemic and humanitarian crisis in Italy. NEJM Catalyst, March 21, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lednicky JA et al. Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with Covid-19 patients. Int. J. Infectious Diseases, 2020;100:476–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldacre B. Bad Pharma. Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2013. New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Onakpoya IJ et al. Post-marketing withdrawal of 462 medicinal products because of adverse drug reactions. BMC Med, 2016;14:10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupp T et al. Quality of life, overall survival, and cost of cancer drugs approved based on surrogate endpoints. JAMA Intern. Med., 2017;177:276–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia PJ. Corruption in global health: the open secret. Lancet, 2019;394: 2119–2124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes S et al. Differences in reporting serious adverse events in industry sponsored clinical trial registry and journal articles on antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs: a cross sectional study. BMJ Open 2014;4: e005535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fred HL. Dishonesty in medicine revisited. Texas Heart Inst. J, 2018;35:6–15.
   Google Scholar
• George SL and Buyse M. Data fraud in clinical trials. Clinical investigation, 2015;5: 161–173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Connor S. Glaxo chief: our drugs do not work on most patients. The Independent, Dec 8, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Patashnik E (2018) Why American doctors [sic] keep doing expensive procedures that don't work. Vox, Feb. 14, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Maguire G. Thinking and Eating for Two. Berkeley Free Speech Press, Berkeley, CA, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Maguire G. The safe and efficacious use of secretome from fibroblasts and adipose-derived (but not bone marrow-derived) mesenchymal stem cells for skin therapeutics. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019;12(8):E57–E69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maguire G, Friedman P. The safety of a therapeutic product composed of a combination of stem cell released molecules from adipose mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts. future science OA. In: Press; 2020:6(7):FSO592.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Guijo F et al.Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation. E Clinical Medicine 2020;25:100454.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma D, Zhao F. Updates on clinical trials evaluating the regenerative potential of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells in COVID-19. Npj Regen Med. 2021;6(1):37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazini L, Ezzoubi M, Malka G. Overview of current adipose-derived stem cell (ADSCs) processing involved in therapeutic advancements: flow chart and regulation updates before and after COVID-19. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12(1):1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood WA, Krishnamurthy J, Mitin N, et al. Chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation increase p16INK4a expression, a biomarker of T-cell aging. EBioMedicine. 2016 Sep;11:227–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbar AN, Gilroy DW. Aging immunity may exacerbate COVID-19. Science. 2020;369(6501):256–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Rey E, Gonzalez MA, Varela N, et al. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce inflammatory and T cell responses and induce regulatory T cells in vitro in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(1):241–248. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Røsland GV, Svendsen A, Torsvik A, et al. Long-term cultures of bone marrow–Derived human mesenchymal stem cells frequently undergo spontaneous malignant transformation. Cancer Res. 2009 July 1;69(13):5331–5339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Feng X, Wang B, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote head and neck cancer progression through Periostin‐mediated phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin. Cancer Sci. 2018;109(3):688–698. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joosse SA, Gorges TM, Pantel K. Biology, detection, and clinical implications of circulating tumor cells. EMBO Mol Med. 2015;7(1):1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelrod HD, Pienta KJ, Valkenburg KC, et al. (2018) optimization of immunofluorescent detection of bone marrow disseminated tumor cells. BMC Biological Procedures Online. 2018;20(1):13. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burns JS, Kristiansen M, Kristensen LP, et al. Decellularized matrix from tumorigenic human mesenchymal stem cells promotes neovascularization with galectin‐1 dependent endothelial interaction. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21888. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauer M, Ban J, Kofler R, et al. A molecular function map of Ewing’s sarcoma. PLoS One. 2009;4(4):e5415. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzegar M, et al. Human placental mesenchymal stem cells derived exosome-angiotensin converting enzyme-2 dependent protection in ischemic stroke injury. Stem Cells 2021:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Khan G, et al. Exosomes and their role in viral infections. Intechopen. 2017. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.69397.
   Google Scholar
• McKelvey KJ, Powell KL, Ashton AW, et al. Exosomes: mechanisms of uptake. J Circ Biomark. 2015 Jan-Dec;4:7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smirnov SV, Harbacheuski R, Lewis-Antes A, et al. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a target for cytomegalovirus infection: implications for hematopoiesis, self-renewal and differentiation potential. Virology. 2007;360(1):6–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avanzi S, Leoni V, Rotola A, et al. Susceptibility of human placenta derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells to human herpesviruses infection. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e–71412. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Fang X, Gupta N, et al. Allogeneic human mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of E. coli endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in the ex vivo perfused human lung. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(38):16357–16362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JW, Krasnodembskaya A, McKenna DH, et al. Therapeutic effects of human mesenchymal stem cells in ex vivo human lungs injured with live bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(7):751–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esfandiyari R, Halabian R, Behzadi E, et al. Performance evaluation of antimicrobial peptide ll-37 and hepcidin and β-defensin-2 secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. Heliyon. 2019 Oct;5(10):e02652. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed A, Siman-Tov G, Hall G, et al. Human antimicrobial peptides as therapeutics for viral infections. Viruses. 2019;11(8):704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh IN, Hartshorn KL. The role of antimicrobial peptides in influenza virus infection and their potential as antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2016 Sep;9(3):53.
   Google Scholar
• Lazzaro BP, Zasloff M, Rolff J, et al. Antimicrobial peptides: application informed by evolution. Science. 2020;368(6490):eaau5480. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Dao Thi VL, Huang Y, et al. Intrinsic Immunity shapes viral resistance of stem cells. Cell. 2018;172(3):423–438.e425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian X, Xu C, Fang S, et al. Exosomal MicroRNAs derived from umbilical mesenchymal stem cells inhibit hepatitis C virus infection. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2016;5(9):1190–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin J, Kuo R-L, Huang H-I, et al. Activation of type I interferon antiviral response in human neural stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Z, Qiao Y, Li X, et al. Exosomes exploit the virus entry machinery and pathway to transmit alpha interferon-induced antiviral activity. J Virol. 2018;92(24):e01578–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deguchi H, Elias D, Navarro S, et al. Elevated serum amyloid A is associated with venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109(2):358–359. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magro C, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res. 2020;220:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsuda T, Tsuchiya R, Kosaka N, et al. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells secrete functional neprilysin-bound exosomes. Sci Rep. 2013;3(1):1197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miners JS, Barua N, Kehoe PG, et al. Aβ-degrading enzymes: potential for treatment of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2011;70(11):944–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naik S, Larsen SB, Gomez NC, et al. Inflammatory memory sensitizes skin epithelial stem cells to tissue damage. Nature. 2017;550(7677):475–480. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lay K, Yuan S, Gur-Cohen S, et al. (2018) Stem cells repurpose proliferation to contain a breach in their niche barrier. eLife. 2018;7:e41661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoelzinger DB, Smith SE, Mirza N, et al. Blockade of CCL1 inhibits T regulatory cell suppressive function enhancing tumor immunity without affecting T effector responses. J Immunol. 2010;184(12):6833‐6842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong P, Yang H, Wu Y, et al. The functions and clinical application potential of exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells: a comprehensive review. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong HE, Kim O-H, Kwak BJ, et al. Antioxidant action of hypoxic conditioned media from adipose-derived stem cells in the hepatic injury of expressing higher reactive oxygen species. Ann Surg Treat Res. 2019;97(4):159. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharschmidt TC, Vasquez KS, Pauli ML, et al. Commensal microbes and hair follicle morphogenesis coordinately drive treg migration into neonatal skin. Cell Host Microbe. 2017;21(4):467‐477.e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García PJ. Corruption in global health: the open secret. Lancet. 2019;394(10214):2119–2124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Contreras M, Vera-Donoso CD, Hernández-Andreu JM, et al. Therapeutic potential of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from cancer patients: a pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(11):e113288. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamada R, Yang W, Zhang Y, et al. Interferon stimulation creates chromatin marks and establishes transcriptional memory. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2018;115(39):E9162–E9171. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Than UT Guanzon D, Wager L, et al. (2018) An analysis of exosomes from keratinocytes and fibroblasts. 5th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering in Vietnam, 137 IFMBE Proceedings 46, Ho Chi Minh City. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11776-8_34.
   Google Scholar
• Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Pattaroni C, et al. Dietary fiber confers protection against flu by shaping Ly6c − patrolling monocyte hematopoiesis and CD8+ T cell metabolism. Immunity. 2018;48(5):992–1005. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello S, Rocchetta F, Longaretti L, et al. Extracellular vesicles derived from T regulatory cells suppress T cell proliferation and prolong allograft survival. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11518.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitroulis I, Ruppova K, Wang B, et al. Modulation of myelopoiesis progenitors is an integral component of trained immunity. Cell. 2018;172(1–2):147–161.e12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling P. What is health?: allostasis and the evolution of human design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019;25(12):1822–1832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues TS, se Sa KSG, Ishimoto AY, et al. Inflammasome activation in COVID-19 patients. medRxiv. 2020 Aug 6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George PM, Wells AU, Jenkins RG, et al. Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(8):807–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ, Baker J, Donnelly LE. Cellular Senescence as a Mechanism and Target in Chronic Lung Diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;200(5):556–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):355–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuruhara A, Aso K, Tokuhara D, et al. Rejuvenation of mucosal immunosenescence by adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int Immunol. 2017;29(1):5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vonarburg C, Loetscher M, Spycher MO, et al. Topical application of nebulized human IgG, IgA and IgAM in the lungs of rats and non-human primates. Respir Res. 2019;20(1):99. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isho B, Abe KT, Zuo M, et al. Evidence for sustained mucosal and systemic antibody responses to SARSCoV-2 antigens in COVID-19 patients. medRxiv. 2020 August 4;2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lukassen S, Chua RL, Trefzer T, et al. SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells. EMBO J. 2020;39:e105114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu F, Jia R, Tang Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and stem cells: interaction and intervention. Stem Cell Res. 2020;46:101859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes SA, Papa FR. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in human pathology. Annu Rev Pathol. 2015;10(1):173–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee A, Czinn SJ, Reiter RJ, et al. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress and anti-viral activities: a novel therapeutic target for COVID-19. Life Sci. 2020;255:117842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire G. Transplanted stem cells survive a long time: do they make you sick? J Roy Soc Med. 2019;112(10):412–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutuncuoglu B, Cakir M, Batra J, et al. The landscape of human cancer proteins targeted by SARS-CoV-2. Cancer Discov. 2020;10(7):916–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhaddou M,  Memon D, Meyer B, et al. The global phosphorylation landscape of SARSCoV-2 Infection. Cell. 2020;182:685–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasurya V, Gunasekaran K, Damarla GK, et al. A fatal case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cureus. 2020;12(6):e8432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Hume AJ, Abo KM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection of pluripotent stem cell-derived human lung alveolar Type 2 cells elicitsa rapid epithelial-intrinsic inflammatory response. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27(6):1–12. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Itoh Y, Sakai Y, et al. Generation of human bronchial organoids for SARS-CoV-2 research. bioRxiv. 2020;5(25):115600.
   Google Scholar
• Valyaeva AA,  Zharikova AA, Kasianov AF, et al. Lung epithelial stem cells express SARS-CoV-2 entry factors: implications for COVID-19. bioRxiv, May. 2020;23:2020.
   Google Scholar
• Youk J, Kim T, Evans KV, et al. Three-Dimensional human alveolar stem cell culture models reveal infection response to SARS-CoV2. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27(6):905–919.e10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radwan SM, Ghoneim D, Salem M, et al. Adipose Tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells protect against amiodarone-Induced lung injury in rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2020;191(3):1027–1041. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Jiang X, Ren L, et al. Optimization of the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell delivery time for radiation-induced lung fibrosis treatment in rats. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5589. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox SE, Li G, Akmatbekov A, et al. Unexpected features of cardiac pathology in COVID-19 infection. Circulation. 2020;142(11):1123–1125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puntmann VO Carerj ML, Wieters M, et al. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. Published online July 27, 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557.
   Google Scholar
• Bruun K, Schermer E, Sivendra A, et al. Therapeutic applications of adipose-derived stem cells in cardiovascular disease. Am J Stem Cells. 2018;7(4):94–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Y, Yu Y, Hu S, et al. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular diseases. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(5):349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppin L, Sokal E, Stéphenne X. Thrombogenic risk induced by intravascular mesenchymal stem cell therapy: current status and future perspectives. Cells. 2019;8(10):1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netsch P, Elvers-Hornung S, Uhlig S, et al. Human mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit platelet activation and aggregation involving CD73-converted adenosine. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9(1):184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang EY, Mao T, Klein J, et al. Diverse functional autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19. Nature. 2021;595(7866):283–288. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas OL, Pröbstel AK, Porfilio EA, et al. Recirculating Intestinal IgA-Producing cells regulate neuroinflammation via IL-10. Cell. 2019;176(3):610–624.e18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruljn S, Maes MB, De Waele L, et al. First report of a de novo iTTP episode associated with an mRNA-based anti-COVID-19 vaccination. J Thrombosis Haemostasis. 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15418.
   Google Scholar
• Prüss H. Autoantibodies in neurological disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-021-00543-w
   Google Scholar
• Che N, Li X, Zhang L, et al. Impaired B cell inhibition by lupus bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is caused by reduced CCL2 expression. J Immunol. 2014 Nov 15;193(10):5306–5314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Chen W, Sun L. An update for mesenchymal stem cell therapy in lupus nephritis. Kidney Dis. 2021;7(2):79–89.
   Google Scholar
• Peta I, Fraussen J, Somers V, et al. Interrelation of Diet, gut microbiome, and autoantibody production. Front Immunol. 2018;9:439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez HN, Moroney JB, Gan H, et al. B cell-intrinsic epigenetic modulation of antibody responses by dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):60. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs E, Blau HM. Tissue stem cells: architects of their niches. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27(4):532–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brendan O, Mojgan R. The genetic and epigenetic journey of embryonic stem cells into mature neural cells. Front Genet. 2012;3:81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolock SL, Krishnan I, Tenen DE, et al. Mapping distinct bone marrow niche populations and their differentiation paths. Cell Rep. 2019;28(2):302–311.e5. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sai B, Xiang J. Disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow are the source of cancer relapse after therapy. J Cell Mol Med. 2018;22(12):5776–5786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freisenger E, Cramer C, Xia X, et al. Characterization of hematopoietic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol. 2010;225(3):888–897. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardenas C, Kwon J-Y, Maeng Y-S, et al. Human cord blood-derived CD133+/C-Kit+/Lin−Cells have bipotential ability to differentiate into mesenchymal stem cells and outgrowth endothelial cells. Stem Cell Intl. Article ID 7162160 | 12 pages 2016;2016: 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tondreau T, Meuleman N, Delforge A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from CD133‐positive cells in mobilized peripheral blood and cord blood: proliferation, Oct4 expression, and plasticity. Stem Cells. 2009;23(8):1105–1112. .
   Google Scholar
• Chong P, Selvaratnam L, Abbas AA, et al. Human peripheral blood derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate similar characteristics and chondrogenic differentiation potential to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res. 2011;30(4):634–642. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponte AL, Marais E, Gallay N, et al. The in vitro migration capacity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: comparison of chemokine and growth factor chemotactic activities. Stem Cells. 2007;25(7):1737‐1745. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sai B, Dai Y, Fan S, et al. Cancer-educated mesenchymal stem cells promote the survival of cancer cells at primary and distant metastatic sites via the expansion of bone marrow-derived-PMN-MDSCs. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(12):941. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishikawa F, Yoshida S, Saito Y, et al. Chemotherapy-resistant human AML stem cells home to and engraft within the bone-marrow endosteal region. Nat Biotechnol. 2007;25(11):1315‐1321. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Z, Ma Z, Cui X, et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: exosomes from glioma cells induce a tumor-like phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells by activating glycolysis. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):60. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rocken M. Early tumor dissemination, but late metastasis: insights into tumor dormancy. J Clin Invest. 2010 Jun 1;120(6):1800–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjensvoll K, Nordgård O, Skjæveland M, et al. Detection of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow predict late recurrences in operable breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):1131. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terada N, Hamazaki T, Oka M, et al. Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cell fusion. Nature. 2002;416(6880):542–545. (2002).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakata R, Shimada H, Fernandez GE, et al. Contribution of neuroblastoma-derived exosomes to the production of pro-tumorigenic signals by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. J Extracell Vesicles. 2017;6(1):1332941. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noubissi FK, Harkness T, Alexander CM, et al. Apoptosis-induced cancer cell fusion: a mechanism of breast cancer metastasis. FASEB J. 2015;29(9):4036–4045. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitwood CA, Dietzsch C, Jacobs G, et al. Breast tumor cell hybrids form spontaneously in vivo and contribute to breast tumor metastases. APL Bioeng. 2018;2(3):31907. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, FENG Z, TSANG TC, et al. Fusion of HepG2 cells with mesenchymal stem cells increases cancer associated and malignant properties: an in vivo metastasis model. Oncol Rep. 2014;32(2):539–547. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medyouf H, Mossner M, Jann J-C, et al. Myelodysplastic cells in patients reprogram mesenchymal stromal cells to establish a transplantable stem cell niche disease unit. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;14(6):824–837. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conese M, Annacontini L, Carbone A, et al. The role of adipose-Derived stem cells, dermal regenerative templates, and Platelet-Rich plasma in tissue engineering-based treatments of chronic skin wounds. Stem Cell Intl. V 2020 |Article ID 7056261 | 17 pages 2020;2020: 1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrow KL, Hoyland JA, Richardson SM, et al. Human Adipose-Derived stem cells exhibit enhanced proliferative capacity and retain multipotency longer than donor-matched bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during expansion in vitro. Stem Cells Int. Article ID 2541275 2017;2017: 15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campisi J, Andersen JK, Capahi P, et al. Cellular senescence: a link between cancer and age-related degenerative disease? Semin Cancer Biol. 2011;21(6):354–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzola RF, Mazzola IC. The fascinating history of fat grafting. J Craniofacial Surgery. 2013;24(4):1069–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agostini T, Lazzeri D, Pini A, et al. Wet and dry techniques for structural fat graft harvesting: histomorphometric and cell viability assessments of lipoaspirated samples. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;130(2):331e‐339e. .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raj S, Abu-Ghname A, Davis MJ, et al. Safety and regulation of fat grafting. Semin Plast Surg. 2020;34(1):59–64. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielins ER, Brett EA, Longaker MT, et al. (2016) autologous fat grafting: the science behind the surgery. Aesthet Surg J. 2016 Apr;36(4):488–496. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toyserkani NM, Jensen CH, Tabatabaeifar S, et al. Adipose-derived regenerative cells and fat grafting for treating breast cancer-related lymphedema: lymphoscintigraphic evaluation with 1 year of follow-up. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2019;72(1):71‐77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon KC, Suh HS, Kim KB, et al. Potential of allogeneic adipose-derived stem Cell-Hydrogel complex for treating diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes. 2019;68(4):837‐846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigotti G, Marchi A, Galie M, et al. Clinical treatment of radiotherapy tissue damage by lipoaspirate transplant: a healing process mediated by adipose-derived adult stem cells. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(5):1409–1422. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Hyun MR, Kim SW, et al. The effect of Adipose-Derived stem cells on wound healing: comparison of methods of application. Stem Cell Intl. Vkim 2019 |Article ID 2745640 | 8 pages 2019;2019: 1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zomer HD, Jeremias TDS, Ratner B, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells from dermal and adipose tissues induce macrophage polarization to a pro-repair phenotype and improve skin wound healing. Cytotherapy. 2020;22(2020):247260. .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell R, Mellows B, Sheard J, et al. Secretome of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes skeletal muscle regeneration through synergistic action of extracellular vesicle cargo and soluble proteins. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):116. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers CJ, Harman RJ, Bunnell BA, et al. Rationale for the clinical use of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for COVID-19 patients. J Transl Med. 2020;18:203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta DR, Ashkar AA, Mossman KL. The nitric oxide pathway provides innate antiviral protection in conjunction with the type I interferon pathway in fibroblasts. PloS One. 2012;7(2):e31688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Asten SD, Raaben M, Nota B, et al. Secretome screening reveals fibroblast growth factors as novel inhibitors of viral replication. J Virology. 2018;92(16):e00260–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Guijo F, Garcia-Arranz M, Lopez-parra M, et al. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation. A proof of concept study. EClinical Medicine, m5G. 2020 July 4;6:30.
   Google Scholar
• Dinnon KH, Leist SR, Schafer A, et al. A mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model for the evaluation of COVID-19 medical countermeasures. bioRxiv. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.081497.
   Google Scholar
• Du RH, Richmond BW, Blackwell TS Jr, et al. (2015) Secretory IgA from submucosal glands does not compensate for its airway surface deficiency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Virchows Arch. 2015;467(6):657–665. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki A, Yang Y. The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(6):339–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Qin C, Zheng G, et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Educated Macrophages Ameliorate LPS-Induced systemic response. Mediators Inflamm. |Article ID 3735452 | 12 pages 2016;2016: 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraikin JL, Teesalu T, McKenney CM, et al. A high-throughput label-free nanoparticle analyser. Nat Nanotechnol. 2011;6(5):308–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer CN Gopalakrishnan V, McQuade J, et al. (2019) The gut microbiome (GM) and immunotherapy response are influenced by host lifestyle factors. AACR Annual Meeting, PO.TB06.09 - Inflammation and Microbiome, 2838/24.
   Google Scholar
• Maguire G. Systems biology approach to developing “systems therapeutics. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2014;5(5):453–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire G. Physiological renormalization using systems therapeutics. Future Sci OA. 2020 Jan;6(1):FSO428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire G (2020) Better preventing and mitigating the effects of covid-19. Future Science OA, FSO586.
   Google Scholar
• Mihaylova MM, Sabatini D, Yilmaz Ö, et al. Dietary and metabolic control of stem cell function in physiology and cancer. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;14(3):292–305. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang D, Lin M, et al. Serum amyloid a protein as a potential biomarker useful in monitoring the course of COVID-19: a retrospectively studied. Res Square. 2020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-19724/v1.
   Google Scholar
• King JS. Mechanical stress meets autophagy: potential implications for physiology and pathology. Trends Mol Med. 2012;18(10):583–588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva C, Kross RD. Antioxidant-induced stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(2):2091–2109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck MA. Antioxidants and viral infections: host immune response and viral pathogenicity. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(5):384S–388S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crump KE, Langston PK, Rajkarnikar S, et al. Antioxidant treatment regulates the humoral immune response during acute viral infection. J Virology. 2013;87(5):2577–2586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaram S. Health benefits of plant-derived α-linolenic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(suppl_1):443S–448S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YX, Zhu KY, Liu YL, et al. Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on cellular immune response of piglets after cyclosporin A injection. Animal. 2016;10(10):1660–1665. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang YL, Haddad E, Rajaram S, et al. The effect of dietary walnuts compared to fatty fish on eicosanoids, cytokines, soluble endothelial adhesion molecules and lymphocyte subsets: a randomized, controlled crossover trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2012;87(4–5):111–117. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheelock CE, Rapapport SM. The role of gene–environment interactions in lung disease: the urgent need for the exposome. Euro Resp J. 2020;55(2):1902064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar