60
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Features

The Mouth-COVID-19 Connection: Importance of the Oral Cavity for the Coronavirus — Part I

REFERENCES

  • Marra MA, Jones SJM, Astell CR, et al. The genome sequence of the SARS-associated coronavirus. Science 2003 May 30;300(5624):1399–404. doi: 10.1126/science.1085953. Epub 2003 May 1.
  • Molayem S, Pontes C. The Mouth-COVID Connection: Il-6 Levels in Periodontal Disease — Potential Role in COVID-19-Related Respiratory Complications. J Calif Dent Assoc 2020;48(10):485–499. doi:10.35481/jcda-48-10-01.
  • Yanes-Lane M, Winters N, Fregonese F, et al. Proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons and their transmission potential: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020 Nov 3;15(11):e0241536. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241536. eCollection 2020.
  • Sabino-Silva R, Jardim ACG, Siqueira WL. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clin Oral Investig 2020 Apr;24(4):1619–1621. doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x. Epub 2020 Feb 20.
  • Kirk-Bayley J, Challacombe S, Sunkaraneni V, Combes J. The use of povidone iodine nasal spray and mouthwash during the current COVID-19 pandemic may protect healthcare workers and reduce cross infection. SSRN Electron J 2020 Mar:3563092. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3563092.
  • Baghizadeh Fini M. Oral saliva and COVID-19. Oral Oncol 2020 Sep;108:104821. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104821. Epub 2020 May 27. PMCID: PMC7250788.
  • Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 2005 Nov;43(11):5721–5732. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005.
  • Grinde B, Olsen I. The role of viruses in oral disease. J Oral Microbiol 2010 Feb 12;2(2010). doi:10.3402/jom.v2i0.2127.
  • Xu J, Li Y, Gan F, Du Y, Yao Y. Salivary glands: Potential reservoirs for COVID-19 asymptomatic infection. J Dent Res 2020 Jul;99(8):989. doi: 10.1177/0022034520918518. Epub 2020 Apr 9.
  • Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12(1):1–5. doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x.
  • Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med 2020 Apr;14(2):185–192. doi:10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0. Epub 2020 Mar 12. PMCID: PMC7088738.
  • Sapkota D, Søland TM, Galtung HK, et al. COVID-19 salivary signature: Diagnostic and research opportunities. J Clin Pathol 2020 Aug 7;jclinpath-2020-206834. doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206834. Online ahead of print.
  • Zhong M, Lin B, Gao H, et al. Significant expression of FURIN and ACE2 on oral epithelial cells may facilitate the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 entry. bioRxiv 2020 Apr:2020.04.18.047951. doi:10.1101/2020.04.18.047951.
  • Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers. Elife 2020 Apr 2;9:e57309. doi:10.7554/eLife.57309. PMCID: PMC7224694.
  • Luo L, Liu D, Liao X, et al. Modes of contact and risk of transmission in COVID-19 among close contacts. medRxiv 2020 Mar: 2020.03.24.20042606. doi:10.1101/2020.03.24.20042606.
  • KKW To, Tsang OTY, Chik-Yan Yip C, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis Aug 71(15):841–843. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa149.
  • Kojima N, Turner F, Klausner. Self-collected oral fluid and nasal swabs demonstrate comparable sensitivity to clinician collected nasopharyngeal swabs for coronavirus 2019 detection. Clin Infect Dis 2021 Nov 2;73(9):e3106–e3109. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1589.
  • Williams E, Bond K, Zhang B, Putland M, Williamson DA. Saliva as a noninvasive specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 2020 Jul 23;58(8):e00776–20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00776-20. Print 2020 Jul 23. PMCID: PMC7383524.
  • Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: Implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9(1):386–389. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1729071. PMCID: PMC7048229.
  • Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, et al. Detection of 2019-nCoV in saliva and characterization of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. SSRN Electron J 2020 Apr:3556665. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3556665.
  • Earar K, Arbune M, Schipor O, et al. Oral mucosa - Gate for COVID-19 infection and correlation with chemical structures of the biocides. Rev Chim 2020;71(4):410–415. doi:10.37358/RC.20.4.8081.
  • Bao L, Zhang C, Dong J, Zhao L, Li Y, Sun J. Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2: Beware of Lung Co-infection. Front Microbiol 2020;11:1840. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01840. PMCID: PMC7411080.
  • Panagakos F, Scannapieco FA. Periodontal inflammation: From gingivitis to systemic disease? Compend Contin Educ Dent 2004;25(7 Suppl 1):16–25. doi:10.5772/37923.
  • Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: A descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115(5):766–773. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
  • Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12(1):1–6. doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0075-9.
  • Wang WK, Chen SY, Liu IJ, et al. Detection of SARS-associated coronavirus in throat wash and saliva in early diagnosis. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10(7):1213–1219. doi:10.3201/eid1007.031113. PMCID: PMC3323313.
  • To KKW, Tsang OTY, Leung WS, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: An observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20(5):565–574. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1.
  • Yoon JG, Yoon J, Song JY, et al. Clinical significance of a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. J Korean Med Sci 2020;35(20):e195. doi:10.3346/JKMS.2020.35.E195.
  • Yu ITS, Li Y, Wong TW, et al. Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus. N Engl J Med 2004;350(17):1731–1739. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032867.
  • Zhang H, Li X, Ma R, et al. Airborne spread and infection of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus. Virol J 2013;10(1):204. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-10-204. PMCID: PMC3700749.
  • Xu R, Cui B, Duan X, Zhang P, Zhou X, Yuan Q. Saliva: Potential diagnostic value and transmission of 2019-nCoV. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12(1). doi:10.1038/s41368-020-0080-z.
  • Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect 2020 Mar;104(3):246–251. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022. Epub 2020 Feb 6. PMCID: PMC7132493.
  • Roy CJ, Milton DK. Airborne transmission of communicable infection — the elusive pathway. N Engl J Med 2004 Apr 22;350(17):1710–2. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp048051.
  • Yuan L, Zhi N, Yu C, et al. Aerodynamic characteristics and RNA concentration of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol in Wuhan Hospitals during COVID-19 outbreak. Biorxiv 2020 Mar. doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982637.
  • Epstein JB, Chow K, Mathias R. Dental procedure aerosols and COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;0(0). doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30636-8.
  • Marui VC, Souto MLS, Rovai ES, Romito GA, Chambrone L, Pannuti CM. Efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 2019 Dec;150(12):1015–1026.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.06.024.
  • Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, et al. Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques. J Virol 2011 Apr;85(8):4025–30. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02292-10. Epub 2011 Feb 2.
  • Farshidfar N, Hamedani S. Hyposalivation as a potential risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Inhibitory role of saliva. Oral Dis 2020 Apr 29;10.1111/odi.13375. doi: 10.1111/odi.13375. Online ahead of print.
  • Iwabuchi H, Fujibayashi T, Yamane GY, Imai H, Nakao H. Relationship between hyposalivation and acute respiratory infection in dental outpatients. Gerontology 2012;58(3):205–11. doi: 10.1159/000333147. Epub 2011 Nov 18.
  • Pedersen AM, Bardow A, Jensen SB, Nauntofte B. Saliva and gastrointestinal functions of taste, mastication, swallowing and digestion. Oral Dis 2002 May;8(3):117–29. doi: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.02851.x.v.
  • Tschoppe P, Wolgin M, Pischon N. Etiologic factors of hyposalivation and consequences for oral health. Quintessence Int 2010 Ap;41(4):321–333.
  • Patel R, Babady E, Theel ES, et al. Report from the American society for microbiology COVID-19 international summit, 23 March 2020: Value of diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. mBio 2020 Mar 26;11(2):e00722–20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00722-20.
  • To KKW, Yip CCY, Lai CYW, et al. Saliva as a diagnostic specimen for testing respiratory virus by a point-of-care molecular assay: A diagnostic validity study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019 Mar;25(3):372–378. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.06.009. Epub 2018 Jun 12.
  • Azzi L, Carcano G, Gianfagna F, et al. Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2020 Jul;81(1):e45–e50. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.005. Epub 2020 Apr 14.
  • Hanson KE, Barker AP, Hillyard DR, et al. Self-collected anterior nasal and saliva specimens versus health care worker-collected nasopharyngeal swabs for the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol 2020 Oct 21;58(11):e01824–20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01824-20. Print 2020 Oct 21.
  • Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, et al. Saliva or nasopharyngeal swab specimens for detection of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 2020 Sep 24;383(13):1283–1286. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2016359. Epub 2020 Aug 28.
  • Lisboa Bastos M, Tavaziva G, Abidi SK, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2020;370:2516. doi:10.1136/bmj.m2516.
  • Vogels CB, Brackney DE, Wang J, et al. SalivaDirect: Simple and sensitive molecular diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance one sentence summary. medRxiv 2020 Aug:2020.08.03.20167791. doi:10.1101/2020.08.03.20167791.
  • Sheba Medical Center. Pilot program for rapid COVID-19 testing to be held at Sheba. www.shebaonline.org/pilot-program-for-rapid-covid-19-testing-to-be-held-at-sheba. August 2020. Accessed Aug. 24, 2020.
  • Song J, Cheng W, Nie M, et al. Partial Leidenfrost Evaporation-Assisted Ultrasensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in a Janus Water Droplet on Hierarchical Plasmonic Micro-/Nanostructures. ACS Nano 2020 Aug 25;14(8):9521–9531. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04239. Epub 2020 Jul 6.
  • Mak GC, Cheng PK, Lau SS, et al. Evaluation of rapid antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. J Clin Virol 2020 Aug;129:104500. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104500. Epub 2020 Jun 8.
  • Scohy A, Anantharajah A, Bodéus M, Kabamba-Mukadi B, Verroken A, Rodriguez-Villalobos H. Low performance of rapid antigen detection test as frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis. J Clin Virol 2020 Aug;129:104455. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104455. Epub 2020 May 21.
  • Fernandes LL, Pacheco VB, Borges L, et al. Saliva in the diagnosis of COVID-19: A review and new research directions. J Dent Res 2020 Dec;99(13):1435–1443. doi: 10.1177/0022034520960070. Epub 2020 Sep 16.
  • Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020 Aug;277(8):2251–2261. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1. Epub 2020 Apr 6.
  • Tong JY, Wong A, Zhu D, Fastenberg JH, Tham T. The prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020 Jul;163(1):3–11. doi: 10.1177/0194599820926473. Epub 2020 May 5.
  • Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: A cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis 2020 Jul 28;71(15):889–890. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330.
  • Rezaei F, Mozaffari HR, Tavasoli J, Zavattaro E, Imani MM, Sadeghi M. Evaluation of serum and salivary interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Interf Cytokine Res 2019 Dec;39(12):727–739. doi: 10.1089/jir.2019.0070. Epub 2019 Jul 17.
  • Beltrán-Corbellini Á, Chico-García JL, Martínez-Poles J, et al. Acute-onset smell and taste disorders in the context of COVID-19: A pilot multicenter PCR-based case-control study. Eur J Neurol 2020 Sep;27(9):1738–1741. doi: 10.1111/ene.14273. Epub 2020 May 16.
  • Levinson R, Elbaz M, Ben-Ami R, et al. Time course of anosmia and dysgeusia in patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Infect Dis (London) 2020 Aug;52(8):600–602. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2020.1772992.
  • Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol 2020 Sep;19(9):767–783. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0. Epub 2020 Jul 2.
  • Chern A, Famuyide AO, Moonis G, Lalwani AK. Sialadenitis: A possible early manifestation of COVID-19. Laryngoscope 2020 Aug:29083. doi:10.1002/lary.29083.
  • Capaccio P, Pignataro L, Corbellino M, Popescu-Dutruit S, Torretta S. Acute parotitis: A possible precocious clinical manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020 Jul;163(1):182–183. doi: 10.1177/0194599820926992. Epub 2020 May 5.
  • Rocha BA, Souto GR, Grossmann S de MC, et al. Viral enanthema in oral mucosa: A possible diagnostic challenge in the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral Dis 2020 Jun 10;10.1111/odi.13473. doi: 10.1111/odi.13473. Online ahead of print.
  • Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, De Perosanz-Lobo D, et al. Enanthem in patients with COVID-19 and skin rash. JAMA Dermatol 2020 Jul 15;156(10):1134–1136. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2550. Online ahead of print.
  • Chaux-Bodard AG, Deneuve S, Desoutter A. Oral manifestation of COVID-19 as an inaugural symptom? J Oral Med Oral Surg 2020;26(2):18. doi:10.1051/mbcb/2020011.
  • Martín Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sánchez J, López-Sánchez AF, Jané-Salas E, Somacarrera Pérez ML. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis 2020 May 5;10.1111/odi.13382. doi: 10.1111/odi.13382. Online ahead of print.
  • Ciccarese G, Drago F, Boatti M, Porro A, Muzic SI, Parodi A. Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol 2020 Jun 24;10.1002/jmv.26221. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26221. Online ahead of print.
  • Ansari R, Gheitani M, Heidari F, Heidari F. Oral cavity lesions as a manifestation of the novel virus (COVID-19). Oral Dis 2020 Jun 8. doi: 10.1111/odi.13465. Online ahead of print.
  • Cebeci Kahraman F, Çaşkurlu H. Mucosal involvement in a COVID-19-positive patient: A case report. Dermatol Ther 2020 Jul;33(4):e13797. doi: 10.1111/dth.13797. Epub 2020 Jul 3.
  • Amorim dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in a COVID-19 patient: New signs or secondary manifestations? Int J Infect Dis 2020 Aug;97:326–328. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.012. Epub 2020 Jun 9.
  • Soares CD, de Carvalho RA, de Carvalho KA, de Carvalho MGF, de Almeida OP. Letter to editor: Oral lesions in a patient with COVID-19. Med Oral Patol Oral y Cir Bucal 2020;25(4):e563–e564. doi:10.4317/medoral.24044.
  • Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Carretero-Barrio I, et al. Erythema multiforme-like eruption in patients with COVID-19 infection: Clinical and histological findings. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020 Oct;45(7):892–895. doi: 10.1111/ced.14281. Epub 2020 Jun 25.
  • Patel J, Woolley J. Necrotizing periodontal disease: Oral manifestation of COVID-19. Oral Dis 2020 Jun 7;10.1111/odi.13462. doi: 10.1111/odi.13462. Online ahead of print.
  • Tomo S, Miyahara GI, Simonato LE. Oral mucositis in a SARS-CoV-2-infected patient: Secondary or truly associated condition? Oral Dis 2020 Jul 29. doi: 10.1111/odi.13570. Online ahead of print.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.