1,054
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

COVID-19 and Periodontal Conditions — A Narrative Review of Implications for Oral Health Providers

, DDS & , DDS, MSc, PhD
Article: 2177375 | Received 28 Jun 2022, Accepted 26 Jan 2023, Published online: 01 Mar 2023

References

  • Coulthard P. Dentistry and coronavirus (COVID-19) - moral decision-making. Br Dent J. 2020;228(7):503–8. doi:10.1038/s41415-020-1482-1.
  • Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):601–615. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01283-z.
  • Ali K, Raja M. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and management of aerosol-generating procedures in dentistry. Evidence-Based Dent. 2020;21(2):44–45. doi:10.1038/s41432-020-0088-4.
  • Herrera D, Serrano J, Roldán S, Sanz M. Is the oral cavity relevant in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic? Clin Oral Investig. 2020;24(8):2925–2930. doi:10.1007/s00784-020-03413-2.
  • Fernandes Matuck B, Dolhnikoff M, Maia GVA, et al. Periodontal tissues are targets for Sars-Cov-2: a post-mortem study. J Oral Microbiol. 2020;13(1):13. doi:10.1080/20002297.2020.1848135.
  • Gupta S, Mohindra R, Chauhan PK, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection in gingival crevicular fluid. J Dent Res. 2021;100(2):187–193. doi:10.1177/0022034520970536.
  • Huang N, Pérez P, Kato T, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the oral cavity and saliva. Nat Med. 2021;27(5):892–903. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01296-8.
  • Riad A, Pokorná A, Attia S, Klugarová J, Koščík M, Klugar M. Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine side effects among healthcare workers in the Czech Republic. J Clin Med. 2021;10(7):1428. doi:10.3390/jcm10071428.
  • Trogstad L, Robertson AH, Mjaaland S, Magnus P. Association between ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination and bleeding episodes: large population-based cohort study. Vaccine. 2021;39(40):5854. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.055.
  • Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in china: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(13):1239–1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
  • Datta SD, Talwar A, Lee JT. A proposed framework and timeline of the spectrum of disease due to SARS-CoV-2 infection: illness beyond acute infection and public health implications. JAMA. 2020;324(22):2251–2252. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.22717.
  • Pietrobon AJ, Teixeira FME, Sato MN. I mmunosenescence and inflammaging: risk Factors of severe COVID-19 in older people. Front Immunol. 2020;11:11. doi:10.3389/FIMMU.2020.579220.
  • Gao Y, Ding M, Dong X, et al. Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: a review. Allergy. 2021;76(2):428–455. doi:10.1111/all.14657.
  • Marouf N, Cai W, Said KN, et al. Association between periodontitis and severity of COVID-19 infection: a case–control study. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48(4):483–491. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13435.
  • Anand PS, Jadhav P, Kamath KP, Kumar SR, Vijayalaxmi S, Anil S. A case-control study on the association between periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). J Periodontol. 2021;93(4):584–590. doi:10.1002/JPER.21-0272.
  • Certain medical conditions and risk for severe COVID-19 illness | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html#downsyndrome. Accessed March 3, 2021.
  • Holtfreter B, Richter S, Kocher T, et al. Periodontitis is related to lung volumes and airflow limitation: a cross-sectional study. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(6):1524–1535. doi:10.1183/09031936.00109112.
  • Parashar P, Parashar A, Saraswat N, Pani P, Pani N, Joshi S. Relationship between respiratory and periodontal health in adults: a case–control study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2018;8(6):560–564. doi:10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_304_18.
  • Mammen MJ, Scannapieco FA, Sethi S. Oral-lung microbiome interactions in lung diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2020;83(1):234–241. doi:10.1111/prd.12301.
  • Kleinstein SE, Nelson KE, Freire M. Inflammatory networks linking oral microbiome with systemic health and disease. J Dent Res. 2020;99(10):1131. doi:10.1177/0022034520926126.
  • Gomes SC, Fachin S, da Fonseca JG, et al. Dental biofilm of symptomatic COVID-19 patients harbours SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48(7):880–885. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13471.
  • Gomes SC, da Fonseca JG, Miller LM, et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA in dental biofilms: supragingival and subgingival findings from inpatients in a COVID-19 intensive care unit. J Periodontol. 2022;93(10):1476–1485. doi:10.1002/JPER.21-0623.
  • Natto ZS, Afeef M, Bakhrebah MA, et al. Can periodontal pockets and caries lesions act as reservoirs for coronavirus? Mol Oral Microbiol. 2022;37(2):77–80. doi:10.1111/omi.12362.
  • Kamio N, Imai K, Shimizu K, et al. Neuraminidase-producing oral mitis group streptococci potentially contribute to influenza viral infection and reduction in antiviral efficacy of zanamivir. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015;72(2):357–366. doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1669-1.
  • Miller EH, Annavajhala MK, Chong AM, et al. Oral microbiome alterations and SARS-CoV-2 saliva viral load in patients with COVID-19. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(2):9. doi:10.1128/SPECTRUM.00055-21.
  • Ren Z, Wang H, Cui G, et al. Alterations in the human oral and gut microbiomes and lipidomics in COVID-19. Gut. 2021;70(7):1253–1265. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323826.
  • Iebba V, Zanotta N, Campisciano G, et al. Profiling of oral microbiota and cytokines in COVID-19 patients. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:1603. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.671813.
  • Haran JP, Bradley E, Zeamer AL, et al. Inflammation-type dysbiosis of the oral microbiome associates with the duration of COVID-19 symptoms and long COVID. JCI Insight. 2021;6(20):6. doi:10.1172/JCI.INSIGHT.152346.
  • Soriano JB, Murthy S, Marshall JC, Relan P, Diaz JV. A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a delphi consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):e102–7. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9.
  • Sampson V, Kamona N, Sampson A. Could there be a link between oral hygiene and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections? Br Dent J. 2020;228(12):971–975. doi:10.1038/s41415-020-1747-8.
  • Costa CA, Vilela ACS, Oliveira SA, et al. Poor oral health status and adverse COVID-19 outcomes: a preliminary study in hospitalized patients. J Periodontol. 2022;93(12):1889–1901. doi:10.1002/JPER.21-0624.
  • Gupta S, Saarikko M, Pfützner A, Räisänen IT, Sorsa T. Compromised periodontal status could increase mortality for patients with COVID-19. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(3):314. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00065-2.
  • Gupta S, Mohindra R, Singla M, et al. The clinical association between periodontitis and COVID-19. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(2):1361–1374. doi:10.1007/s00784-021-04111-3.
  • Larvin H, Wilmott S, Wu J, Kang J. The impact of periodontal disease on hospital admission and mortality during COVID-19 pandemic. Front Med. 2020;7. doi:10.3389/FMED.2020.604980.
  • Larvin H, Wilmott S, Kang J, Aggarwal VR, Pavitt S, Wu J. Additive effect of periodontal disease and obesity on COVID-19 outcomes. J Dent Res. 2021;100(11):1228–1235. doi:10.1177/00220345211029638.
  • Katz J, Yue S, Xue W. Dental diseases are associated with increased odds ratio for coronavirus disease 19. Oral Dis. 2022;28(Suppl 1):991–993. doi:10.1111/odi.13653.
  • Sirin DA, Ozcelik F. The relationship between COVID-19 and the dental damage stage determined by radiological examination. Oral Radiol. 2021;37(4):600–609. doi:10.1007/s11282-020-00497-0.
  • Wang Y, Deng H, Pan Y, et al. Periodontal disease increases the host susceptibility to COVID-19 and its severity: a Mendelian randomization study. J Transl Med. 2021;19(1):528. doi:10.1186/s12967-021-03198-2.
  • Montero E, La Rosa M, Montanya E, et al. Validation of self-reported measures of periodontitis in a Spanish population. J Periodontal Res. 2020;55(3):400–409. doi:10.1111/jre.12724.
  • Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol. 2018;89:S159–72. doi:10.1002/JPER.18-0006.
  • Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ. 2018;362:601. doi:10.1136/bmj.k601.
  • Lloyd-Jones G, Molayem S, Pontes C, Chapple I. The COVID-19 pathway: a proposed oral-vascular-pulmonary route of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the importance of oral healthcare measures. J Oral Med Dent Res. 2021;2(1):1–25. doi:10.52793/JOMDR.2020.2(1)-13.
  • Sanz M, Marco Del Castillo A, Jepsen S, et al. Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: consensus report. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(3):268–288. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13189.
  • Gomes-Filho IS, Freitas Coelho JM, da Cruz SS, et al. Chronic periodontitis and C-Reactive protein levels. J Periodontol. 2011;82(7):969–978. doi:10.1902/jop.2010.100511.
  • Ling MR, Chapple ILC, Matthews JB. Peripheral blood neutrophil cytokine hyper-reactivity in chronic periodontitis. Innate Immun. 2015;21(7):714–725. doi:10.1177/1753425915589387.
  • Fine N, Chadwick JW, Sun C, et al. Periodontal inflammation primes the systemic innate immune response. J Dent Res. 2021;100(3):318–325. doi:10.1177/0022034520963710.
  • Bosshardt DD. The periodontal pocket: pathogenesis, histopathology and consequences. Periodontol 2000. 2018;76(1):43–50. doi:10.1111/prd.12153.
  • Scannapieco FA. Role of oral bacteria in respiratory infection. J Periodontol. 1999;70(7):793–802. doi:10.1902/jop.1999.70.7.793.
  • Yamasaki K, Kawanami T, Yatera K, et al. Significance of anaerobes and oral bacteria in community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063103.
  • Takeuchi K, Matsumoto K, Furuta M, et al. Periodontitis is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Dent Res. 2019;98(5):534–540. doi:10.1177/0022034519833630.
  • De Melo Neto JP, Melo MSAE, Dos Santos-Pereira SA, Martinez EF, Okajima LS, Saba-Chujfi E. Periodontal infections and community-acquired pneumonia: a case–control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32(1):27–32. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1710-y.
  • Takahashi Y, Watanabe N, Kamio N, et al. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and proinflammatory cytokines induced by the periodontopathic bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum in human respiratory epithelial cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(3):1–13. doi:10.3390/ijms22031352.
  • Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, Amador G, Soueidan A. Periodontal pockets: a potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:109907. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109907.
  • Takahashi Y, Watanabe N, Kamio N, Kobayashi R, Iinuma T, Imai K. Aspiration of periodontopathic bacteria due to poor oral hygiene potentially contributes to the aggravation of COVID-19. J Oral Sci. 2020;63(1):1–3. doi:10.2334/josnusd.20-0388.
  • Roganović JR. microRNA-146a and -155, upregulated by periodontitis and type 2 diabetes in oral fluids, are predicted to regulate SARS-CoV-2 oral receptor genes. J Periodontol. 2021;92(7):35–43. doi:10.1002/JPER.20-0623.
  • Ohnishi T, Nakamura T, Shima K, Noguchi K, Chiba N, Matsuguchi T. Periodontitis promotes the expression of gingival transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), a priming protease for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Oral Biosci. 2022;64(2):229–236. doi:10.1016/J.JOB.2022.04.004.
  • Pitones-Rubio V, Chávez-Cortez EG, Hurtado-Camarena A, González-Rascón A, Serafín-Higuera N. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109969. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109969.
  • Welsh KJ, Baumblatt J, Chege W, Goud R, Nair N. Thrombocytopenia including immune thrombocytopenia after receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Vaccine. 2021;39(25):3329–3332. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.054.
  • Riad A, Hocková B, Kantorová L, et al. Side effects of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine: nationwide phase IV study among healthcare workers in Slovakia. Pharm. 2021;14(9):873. doi:10.3390/ph14090873.
  • Klugar M, Riad A, Mekhemar M, et al. Side effects of mRNA-based and viral vector-based COVID-19 vaccines among German healthcare workers. Biol. 2021;10(8):752. doi:10.3390/biology10080752.
  • Riad A, Sağıroğlu D, Üstün B, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of CoronaVac side effects: an independent cross-sectional study among healthcare workers in Turkey. J Clin Med. 2021;10(12):2629. doi:10.3390/jcm10122629.
  • Kim G, Choi EJ, Park HS, Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee KH. A case report of immune thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. J Korean Med Sci. 2021;36(43):1–5. doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e306.
  • Wong JSY, Kang JHE, Maw KZ. Acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura post first dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Postgrad Med J. 2022;98(e2):e129–30. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140947.
  • Tarawneh O, Tarawneh H. Immune thrombocytopenia in a 22-year-old post COVID-19 vaccine. Am J Hematol. 2021;96(5):E133–34. doi:10.1002/ajh.26106.
  • Rodeghiero F, Stasi R, Gernsheimer T, et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood. 2009;113(11):2386–2393. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-07-162503.
  • van Dijk WEM, van Es RJJ, Correa MEP, Schutgens REG, van Galen KPM. Dentoalveolar procedures in immune thrombocytopenia; systematic review and an institutional guideline. TH Open Companion J to Thromb Haemost. 2021;5(04):e489–502. doi:10.1055/a-1641-7770.
  • So P. Dental extraction is probably safe for patients with thrombocytopenia: the standard of care is a guide for clinical decision making related to platelet transfusion. Clin Res Pract J Team Hippocrates. 2015;1(2):4–6. doi:10.22237/crp/1436298624.
  • Brian Z, Weintraub JA. Oral health and COVID-19: increasing the need for prevention and access. Prev Chronic Dis. 2020;17. doi:10.5888/PCD17.200266.
  • Kranz AM, Gahlon G, Dick AW, Stein BD. Characteristics of US adults delaying dental care due to the COVID-19 pandemic. JDR Clin Transl Res. 2021;6(1):8–14. doi:10.1177/2380084420962778.
  • Iwasaki M, Usui M, Ariyoshi W, et al. Interruption of regular dental visits during the COVID-19 pandemic due to concerns regarding dental visits was associated with periodontitis in Japanese office workers. J Periodontal Res. 2021;56(6):1091. doi:10.1111/jre.12923.
  • Paolantoni G, Rullo R, Andolfi E, Galano C, Sammartino G, Marenzi G. The effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on the periodontal status of patients with periodontitis in supportive therapy: a retrospective study. Quintessence Int. 2022;53(3):210–216. doi:10.3290/j.qi.b2407789.
  • Azarpazhooh MR, Morovatdar N, Avan A, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and burden of non-communicable diseases: an ecological study on data of 185 countries. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;29(9):105089. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105089.
  • Clemmensen C, Petersen MB, Sørensen TIA. Will the COVID-19 pandemic worsen the obesity epidemic? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(9):469–470. doi:10.1038/s41574-020-0387-z.