Publication Cover
Transportation Letters
The International Journal of Transportation Research
Volume 16, 2024 - Issue 1
125
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Investigating factors affecting rural crash frequency at marginal areas around cities in Iran: a random parameter modeling approach

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 14-26 | Received 10 Apr 2022, Accepted 12 Dec 2022, Published online: 28 Dec 2022

References

  • Abdel-Aty, M., P. C. Devarasetty, and A. Pande. 2009. “Safety Evaluation of Multilane Arterials in Florida.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 41 (4): 777–788. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.015.
  • Abdel-Aty, M. A., and A. E. Radwan. 2000. “Modeling Traffic Accident Occurrence and Involvement.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 32 (5): 633–642. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00094-9.
  • Afandizadeh, S., and S. Hassanpour. 2020. “Evaluating the Effect of Roadway and Development Factors on the Rural Road Safety Risk Index.” Advances in Civil Engineering 2020: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2020/7820565.
  • Afghari, A. P., S. Washington, M. M. Haque, and Z. Li. 2018. “A Comprehensive Joint Econometric Model of Motor Vehicle Crashes Arising from Multiple Sources of Risk.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 18: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2018.03.002.
  • Ahmadinejad, M., S. Afandizadeh Zargari, and R. Jalalkamali . 2018. “Are Deceleration Numbers a Suitable Index for Road Safety?” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport . 171:5, 247-252. 10.1680/jtran.16.00117.
  • Ahmed, M., H. Huang, M. Abdel-Aty, and B. Guevara. 2011. “Exploring a Bayesian Hierarchical Approach for Developing Safety Performance Functions for a Mountainous Freeway.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 43 (4): 1581–1589. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.03.021.
  • Alrejjal, A., M. Moomen, and K. Ksaibati. 2021. “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement in Reducing Truck Crashes for a Rural Mountainous Freeway in Wyoming.” Transportation Letters 1–11. doi:10.1080/19427867.2021.1949089.
  • Anastasopoulos, P. C., and F. L. Mannering. 2009. “A Note on Modeling Vehicle Accident Frequencies with random-parameters Count Models.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 41 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.10.005.
  • Anastasopoulos, P. C., and F. L. Mannering. 2016. “The Effect of Speed Limits on Drivers’ Choice of Speed: A Random Parameters Seemingly Unrelated Equations Approach.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 10: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2016.03.001.
  • Anastasopoulos, P. C., F. L. Mannering, V. N. Shankar, and J. E. Haddock. 2012. “A Study of Factors Affecting Highway Accident Rates Using the random-parameters Tobit Model.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 45: 628–633. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.015.
  • Ayati, E., and E. Abbasi. 2011. “Investigation on the Role of Traffic Volume in Accidents on Urban Highways.” Journal of Safety Research 42 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2011.03.006.
  • Boroujerdian, A. M., M. Saffarzadeh, and V. Abolhasannejad. 2010. “Developing a Model for Prioritising High Crash Road Segments.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport 163 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1680/tran.2010.163.1.19.
  • Buddhavarapu, P., A. Banerjee, and J. A. Prozzi. 2013. “Influence of Pavement Condition on Horizontal Curve Safety.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 52: 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.010.
  • Buddhavarapu, P., J. G. Scott, and J. A. Prozzi. 2016. “Modeling Unobserved Heterogeneity Using Finite Mixture Random Parameters for Spatially Correlated Discrete Count Data.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 91: 492–510. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2016.06.005.
  • Cafiso, S., C. D’Agostino, and B. Persaud. 2013. “Investigating Influence of Segmentation in Estimating Safety Performance Functions for Roadway Sections.” Accident; Analysis and Prevention 60: 324–333. No. 13-4372. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.010.
  • Cai, Q., M. Abdel-Aty, J. Lee, L. Wang, and X. Wang. 2018. “Developing a Grouped Random Parameters Multivariate Spatial Model to Explore Zonal Effects for Segment and Intersection Crash Modeling.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 19: 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2018.05.001.
  • Caliendo, C., M. L. D. Guglielmo, and M. Guida. 2013. “A crash-prediction Model for Road Tunnels.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 55: 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.024.
  • Chen, E., and A. P. Tarko. 2014. “Modeling Safety of Highway Work Zones with Random Parameters and Random Effects Models.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 1: 86–95. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2013.10.003.
  • Chen, F., M. Xiaoxiang, C. Suren, and Y. Lin. 2016. “Crash Frequency Analysis Using Hurdle Models with Random Effects considering Short-Term Panel Data.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13 (11): 1043. doi:10.3390/ijerph13111043.
  • Chin, H. C., and M. A. Quddus. 2003. “Applying the Random Effect Negative Binomial model to Examine Traffic Accident Occurrence at Signalized Intersections.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 35 (2): 253–259. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00003-9.
  • Coruh, E., A. Bilgic, and A. Tortum. 2015. “Accident Analysis with Aggregated Data: The Random Parameters Negative Binomial Panel Count Data Model.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 7: 37–49. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2015.07.001.
  • Dinu, R. R., and A. Veeraragavan. 2011. “Random Parameter Models for Accident Prediction on two-lane Undivided Highways in India.” Journal of Safety Research 42 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2010.11.007.
  • Dong, C., S. S. Nambisan, S. H. Richards, and Z. Ma. 2015. “Assessment of the Effects of Highway Geometric Design Features on the Frequency of Truck Involved Crashes Using Bivariate Regression.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 75: 30–41. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.03.007.
  • Donnell, E. T., and J. M. Mason Jr. 2006. “Predicting the Frequency of Median Barrier Crashes on Pennsylvania Interstate Highways.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 38 (3): 590–599. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2005.12.011.
  • Effati, M., M. A. Rajabi, F. Samadzadegan, and J. A. R. Blais. 2012. “Developing a Novel Method for Road Hazardous Segment Identification Based on Fuzzy Reasoning and GIS.” Journal of Transportation Technologies 2 (1): 32–40. doi:10.4236/jtts.2012.21004.
  • Effati, M., M. A. Rajabi, F. Samadzadegan, and S. Shabani. 2014. “A Geospatial neuro-fuzzy Approach for Identification of Hazardous Zones in Regional Transportation Corridors.” International Journal of Civil Engineering 12 (3): 289–303. http://ijce.iust.ac.ir/article-1-825-en.html
  • Ehsani Sohi, M., H. Dashtestaninejad, and E. Khademi. 2019. “Effects of Roadway and Traffic Characteristics on Accidents Frequency at City Entrance Zone.” International Journal of Transportation Engineering 7 (2): 139–152. 10.22119/IJTE.2018.130189.1404
  • Eluru, N., and C. R. Bhat. 2007. “A Joint Econometric Analysis of Seat Belt Use and crash-related Injury Severity.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 39 (5): 1037–1049. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2007.02.001.
  • Elyasi, M. R., M. Saffarzadeh, and A. M. Boroujerdian. 2016. “A Novel Dynamic Segmentation Model for Identification and Prioritization of Black Spots Based on the Pattern of Potential for Safety Improvement.” Transportation Research Part A 91: 346–357. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.020.
  • Elyasi, M. R., M. Saffarzadeh, and A. M. Boroujerdian. 2018. “Assessing the Interrelations of Traffic Collisions’ Risk Factors.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport 171 (6): 309–318. doi:10.1680/jtran.16.00070.
  • Faezi, S. F., and M. R. Elyasi (2020). “Predict Road Accidents Resulted from Carelessness Using Negative Binomial Regression Model (A Case Study of Rural Highways in Hamadan Province).” Journal of Transportation Research. http://www.trijournal.ir/article_119190.html?lang=en
  • Fu, R., Y. Guo, W. Yuan, H. Feng, and Y. Ma. 2011. “The Correlation between Gradients of Descending Roads and Accident Rates.” Safety Science 49 (3): 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2010.10.006.
  • Garach, L., J. de Oña, G. López, and L. Baena. 2016. “Development of Safety Performance Functions for Spanish two-lane Rural Highways on Flat Terrain.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 95: 250–265. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.021.
  • Gong, H., F. Wang, B. B. Zhou, and S. Dent. 2020. “Application of Random Effects Negative Binomial Model with Clustered Dataset for Vehicle Crash Frequency Analysis.” International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology 9 (3): 183–194. doi:10.1016/j.ijtst.2020.03.010.
  • Greene, W. H. 2012. Econometric Analysis, Seventh. Boston, MA: Prentice Hall.
  • Guo, Y., A. Osama, and T. Sayed. 2018. “A cross-comparison of Different Techniques for Modeling macro-level Cyclist Crashes.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 113: 38–46. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.015.
  • Han, C., H. Huang, J. Lee, and J. Wang. 2018. “Investigating Varying Effect of road-level Factors on Crash Frequency across Regions: A Bayesian Hierarchical Random Parameter Modeling Approach.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 20: 81–91. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2018.10.002.
  • Hauer, E. 2015. The Art of Regression Modelling in Road Safety. New York: Springer press. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12529-9.
  • Hosseinlou, M. H., A. Mahdavi, and M. J. Nooghabi. 2018. “Validation of the Influencing Factors Associated with Traffic Violations and Crashes on Freeways of Developing Countries: A Case Study of Iran.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 121: 358–366. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.06.009.
  • Hosseinlou, M. H., and M. Sohrabi. 2009. “Predicting and Identifying Traffic Hot Spots Applying neuro-fuzzy Systems in Intercity Roads.” International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology 6 (2): 309–314. doi:10.1007/BF03327634.
  • Hosseinpour, M., A. S. Yahaya, and A. F. Sadullah. 2014. “Exploring the Effects of Roadway Characteristics on the Frequency and Severity of head-on Crashes: Case Studies from Malaysian Federal Roads.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 62: 209–222. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.001.
  • Hou, Q., A. P. Tarko, and X. Meng. 2018. “Investigating Factors of Crash Frequency with Random Effects and Random Parameters Models: New Insights from Chinese Freeway Study.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 120: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.010.
  • Huang, H., F. Chang, H. Zhou, and J. Lee. 2019. “Modeling Unobserved Heterogeneity for Zonal Crash Frequencies: A Bayesian Multivariate random-parameters Model with Mixture Components for Spatially Correlated Data.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 24: 100105. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2019.100105.
  • Huo, X., J. Leng, Q. Hou, L. Zheng, and L. Zhao. 2020. “Assessing the Explanatory and Predictive Performance of a Random Parameters Count Model with Heterogeneity in Means and Variances.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 147: 105759. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105759.
  • Imaninasab, R., E. Sekhavati, and M. Hajihoseinloo. 2016. “Modeling Crash Frequency of Heavy Vehicles in Rural Freeways.” Journal of Traffic and Logistics Engineering 4 (2). doi:10.18178/jtle.4.2.98-102.
  • Iran Road Maintenance and Transportation Organization (RMTO). 2020. “Road Statistical Yearbook.” http://www.rmto.ir/Pages/Home.aspx
  • Jung, S., K. Jang, Y. Yoon, and S. Kang. 2014. “Contributing Factors to Vehicle to Vehicle Crash Frequency and Severity under Rainfall.” Journal of Safety Research 50: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2014.01.001.
  • Kabli, A., T. Bhowmik, and N. Eluru. 2020. “A Multivariate Approach for Modeling Driver Injury Severity by Body Region.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 28: 100129. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2020.100129.
  • Khoda Bakhshi, A., and M. M. Ahmed. 2021. “Coping with Endogeneity and Unobserved Heterogeneity in real-time Clustering Critical Crash Occurrences Nested within Weather and Road Surface Conditions.” International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 28 (2): 208–221. doi:10.1080/17457300.2021.1907595.
  • Khoda Bakhshi, A., and M. M. Ahmed. 2021a. “Practical Advantage of Crossed Random Intercepts under Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling to Tackle Unobserved Heterogeneity in Clustering Critical versus non-critical Crashes.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 149: 105855. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105855.
  • Kim, K., I. M. Brunner, and E. Y. Yamashita. 2006. “Influence of Land Use, Population, Employment, and Economic Activity on Accidents.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1953 (1): 56–64. doi:10.1177/0361198106195300107.
  • La Torre, F., M. Meocci, L. Domenichini, V. Branzi, and A. Paliotto. 2019. “Development of an Accident Prediction Model for Italian Freeways.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 124: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.12.023.
  • Lord, D., and F. Mannering. 2010. “The Statistical Analysis of crash-frequency Data: A Review and Assessment of Methodological Alternatives.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 44 (5): 291–305. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2010.02.001.
  • Lord, D., S. P. Washington, and J. N. Ivan. 2005. “Poisson, Poisson-gamma and Zero Inflated Regression Models of Motor Vehicle Crashes: Balancing Statistical Fit and Theory.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 37 (1): 35–46. 10.1016/j.aap.2004.02.004
  • Lord, D., S. P. Washington, and J. N. Ivan. 2007. “Further Notes on the Application of Zero Inflated Models in Highway Safety.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 39 (1): 53–57. 10.1016/j.aap.2006.06.004
  • Mahmud, S. S., L. Ferreira, M. S. Hoque, and A. Tavassoli. 2019. “Micro-level Safety Risk Assessment Model for A two-lane Heterogeneous Traffic Environment in A Developing Country: A Comparative Crash Probability Modeling Approach.” Journal of Safety Research 69: 125–134. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2019.03.008.
  • Malyshkina, N. V., and F. L. Mannering. 2010. “Zero-state Markov Switching count-data Models: An Empirical Assessment.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 42 (1): 122–130. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.07.012.
  • Malyshkina, N. V., F. L. Mannering, and A. P. Tarko. 2009. “Markov Switching Negative Binomial Models: An Application to Vehicle Accident Frequencies.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 41 (2): 217–226. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.11.001.
  • Mannering, F. L., and C. R. Bhat. 2014. “Analytic Methods in Accident Research: Methodological Frontier and Future Directions.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 1: 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2013.09.001.
  • Mannering, F., C. R. Bhat, V. Shankar, and M. Abdel-Aty. 2020. “Big Data, Traditional Data and the Tradeoffs between Prediction and Causality in highway-safety Analysis.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 25: 100113. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2020.100113.
  • Mannering, F. L., V. Shankar, and C. R. Bhat. 2016. “Unobserved Heterogeneity and the Statistical Analysis of Highway Accident Data.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 11: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2016.04.001.
  • Ma, Z., H. Zhang, I. Steven, J. Chien, J. Wang, and C. Dong. 2017. “Predicting Expressway Crash Frequency Using A Random Effect Negative Binomial Model: A Case Study in China.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 98: 214–222. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.012.
  • Milton, J., V. Shankar, and F. Mannering. 2008. “Highway Accident Severities and the Mixed Logit Model: An Exploratory Empirical Analysis.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 40 (1): 260–266. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2007.06.006.
  • Mohammadnazar, A., R. Arvin, and A. J. Khattak. 2021. “Classifying Travelers’ Driving Style Using Basic Safety Messages Generated by Connected Vehicles: Application of Unsupervised Machine Learning.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 122: 102917. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2020.102917.
  • Mohammadnazar, A., I. Mahdinia, N. Ahmad, A. J. Khattak, and J. Liu. 2021a. “Understanding How Relationships between Crash Frequency and Correlates Vary for Multilane Rural Highways: Estimating Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Models.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 157: 106146. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2021.106146.
  • Mohaymany, A. S., M. Shahri, and B. Mirbagheri. 2013. “GIS-based Method for Detecting high-crash-risk Road Segments Using Network Kernel Density Estimation.” Geo-spatial Information Science 16 (2): 113–119. doi:10.1080/10095020.2013.766396.
  • Moomen, M., M. Rezapour, M. Raja, and K. Ksaibati. 2020. “Predicting Downgrade Crash Frequency with the random-parameters Negative Binomial Model: Insights into the Impacts of Geometric Variables on Downgrade Crashes in Wyoming.” IATSS Research 44 (2): 94–102. doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2019.09.002.
  • Mousavi, S. M., H. Marzoughi, S. A. Parr, B. Wolshon, and A. Pande (2019). “A Mixed Crash Frequency Estimation Model for Interrupted Flow Segments.” International Conference on Transportation and Development 2019: Smarter and Safer Mobility and Cities (pp. 72–83). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers. 10.1061/9780784482575.008
  • Naik, B., L. W. Tung, S. Zhao, and A. J. Khattak. 2016. “Weather Impacts on single-vehicle Truck Crash Injury Severity.” Journal of Safety Research 58: 57–65. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2016.06.005.
  • Nassiri, H., P. Najafi, and A. Mohamadian Amiri. 2014. “Prediction of Roadway Accident Frequencies: Count Regressions versus Machine Learning Models.” Scientia Iranica 21 (2): 263–275. http://scientiairanica.sharif.edu/article_1630.html
  • Naznin, F., G. Currie, D. Logan, and M. Sarvi. 2016. “Application of a Random Effects Negative Binomial Model to Examine tram-involved Crash Frequency on Route Sections in Melbourne, Australia.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 92: 15–21. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.03.012.
  • Park, J., M. Abdel-Aty, and J. H. Wang. 2017. “Time Series Trends of the Safety Effects of Pavement Resurfacing.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 101: 78–86. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.006.
  • Rusli, R., M. M. Haque, M. King, and W. S. Voon. 2017. “Single-vehicle Crashes along Rural Mountainous Highways in Malaysia: An Application of Random Parameters Negative Binomial Model.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 102: 153–164. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.002.
  • Russo, B. J., P. T. Savolainen, W. H. Schneider IV, and P. C. Anastasopoulos. 2014. “Comparison of Factors Affecting Injury Severity in Angle Collisions by Fault Status Using a Random Parameters Bivariate Ordered Probit Model.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 2: 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2014.03.001.
  • Sadeghi, A., E. Ayati, and M. P. Neghab. 2013. “Identification and Prioritization of Hazardous Road Locations by Segmentation and Data Envelopment Analysis Approach.” PROMET-Traffic&Transportation 25 (2): 127–136. doi:10.7307/ptt.v25i2.1295.
  • Saeed, T. U., T. Hall, H. Baroud, and M. J. Volovski. 2019. “Analyzing Road Crash Frequencies with Uncorrelated and Correlated random-parameters Count Models: An Empirical Assessment of Multilane Highways.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 23: 100101. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2019.100101.
  • Sajed, Y., G. Shafabakhsh, and M. Bagheri. 2019. “Hotspot Location Identification Using Accident Data, Traffic and Geometric Characteristics.” Engineering Journal 23 (6): 191–207. doi:10.4186/ej.2019.23.6.191.
  • Shafabakhsh, G. A., A. Famili, and M. Akbari. 2016. “Spatial Analysis of Data Frequency and Severity of Rural Accidents.” Transportation Letters 1–8. doi:10.1080/19427867.2016.1138605.
  • Shamanian Esfahani, H., S. Afandizadeh, and A. Naderan. 2022. “Investigating the Effect of Marginal Areas around the Cities on Rural Road Accidents in Iran Using Linear and Logistic Regression Approaches.” International Journal of Transportation Engineering 9 (3): 693–711. doi:10.22119/ijte.2021.284119.1567.
  • Shankar, V. N., R. B. Albin, J. C. Milton, and F. L. Mannering. 1998. “Evaluation Median crossover Likelihoods with Clustered Accident Counts: An Empirical Inquiry using the Random Effect Negative Binomial Model.” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1635 (1): 44–48. doi:10.3141/1635-06.
  • Shankar, V., F. Mannering, and W. Barfield. 1995. “Effect of Roadway Geometrics and Environmental Factors on Rural Freeway Accident Frequencies.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 27 (3): 371–389. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(94)00078-Z.
  • Shaon, M. R. R., X. Qin, M. Shirazi, D. Lord, and S. R. Geedipally. 2018. “Developing a Random Parameters Negative Binomial-Lindley Model to Analyze Highly over-dispersed Crash Count Data.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 18: 33–44. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2018.04.002.
  • Singh, G., M. Pal, Y. Yadav, and T. Singla. 2020. “Deep Neural network-based Predictive Modeling of Road Accidents.” Neural Computing & Applications 1–10. doi:10.1007/s00521-019-04695-8.
  • Tafti, M. F., and R. Roshani. 2021. “Development of Models to Study Traffic Accidents on the Final Sections of Access Roads to the Cities: A Case Study of Three Major Iranian Cities.” cities 59 (3): 129–148. 10.5604/01.3001.0015.2646
  • Washington, S., M. Karlaftis, F. Mannering, and P. Anastasopoulos. 2020. Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC. doi:10.1201/9780429244018.
  • Wen, X., Y. Xie, L. Wu, and L. Jiang. 2021. “Quantifying and Comparing the Effects of Key Risk Factors on Various Types of Roadway Segment Crashes with LightGBM and SHAP.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 159: 106261. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2021.106261.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). 2018. “Global Status Report on Road Safety.” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-status-report-on-road-safety-2018
  • Wu, P., L. Song, and X. Meng. 2021. “Influence of Built Environment and Roadway Characteristics on the Frequency of Vehicle Crashes Caused by Driver Inattention: A Comparison between Rural Roads and Urban Roads.” Journal of Safety Research 79: 199–210. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2021.09.001.
  • Xiong, Y., and F. L. Mannering. 2013. “The Heterogeneous Effects of Guardian Supervision on Adolescent driver-injury Severities: A finite-mixture random-parameters Approach.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 49: 39–54. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2013.01.002.
  • Xiong, Y., J. L. Tobias, and F. L. Mannering. 2014. “The Analysis of Vehicle Crash injury-severity Data: A Markov Switching Approach with road-segment Heterogeneity.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 67: 109–128. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2014.04.007.
  • Yaacob, W. F. W., M. A. Lazim, and Y. B. Wah (2010). “Evaluating Spatial and Temporal Effects of Accidents Likelihood Using Random Effects Panel Count Model.” 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR 2010) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (pp. 960–964). IEEE. 10.1109/CSSR.2010.5773927.
  • Yan, Y., Y. Zhang, X. Yang, J. Hu, J. Tang, and Z. Guo. 2020. “Crash Prediction Based on Random Effect Negative Binomial Model considering Data Heterogeneity.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 547: 123858. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2019.123858.
  • Yu, R., M. Abdel-Aty, and M. Ahmed. 2013. “Bayesian Random Effect Models Incorporating real-time Weather and Traffic Data to Investigate Mountainous Freeway Hazardous Factors.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 50: 371–376. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.05.011.
  • Yu, R., Y. Wang, M. Quddus, and J. Li. 2019. “A Marginalized Random Effects Hurdle Negative Binomial Model for Analyzing refined-scale Crash Frequency Data.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 22: 100092. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2019.100092.
  • Yu, R., Y. Xiong, and M. Abdel-Aty. 2015. “A Correlated Random Parameter Approach to Investigate the Effects of Weather Conditions on Crash Risk for A Mountainous Freeway.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 50: 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2014.09.016.
  • Zou, Y., and A. P. Tarko. 2016. “An Insight into the Performance of Road Barriers− Redistribution of barrier-relevant Crashes.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 96: 152–161. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.07.022.
  • Zou, Y., Y. Zhang, and D. Lord. 2013. “Application of Finite Mixture of Negative Binomial Regression Models with Varying Weight Parameters for Vehicle Crash Data Analysis.” Accident Analysis & Prevention 50: 1042–1051. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.08.004.
  • Zou, Y., Y. Zhang, and D. Lord. 2014. “Analyzing Different Functional Forms of the Varying Weight Parameter for Finite Mixture of Negative Binomial Regression Models.” Analytic Methods in Accident Research 1: 39–52. doi:10.1016/j.amar.2013.11.001.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.